Final Review Flashcards
List all fallacies of induction
- hasty generalizations
- accident
- weak analogy
- appeal to authority
- appeal to population
- post hoc ergo propter hoc
- cum hoc, propter hoc
- slippery slope
List the 2 formal fallacies
- affirming the consequent
2. denying the antecedent
List the 3 miscalculating probabilities
- Gambler’s fallacy
- overlooking prior probabilities
- overlooking false positives
A fallacy that is a weak argument based on debatable or unimportant similarities between 2 or more things
weak/false analogy
A fallacy in which a speaker or write commits fallacy when he or she assumes that the fact that one event came after another established that it was caused by another
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
when a speak or write commits this fallacy when he or she assumes that the fact that 2 events happen at the same time established that one caused the other
Slippery Slope
a fallacy in which an argument resets on an unsupported warning that is controversial and tendentious, to the effect that something will progress by degrees to an undesirable outcome
Fallacious appeal to authority
when he or she tries to support a contention by offering as evidence the opinion of a nonauthoritative source
What 5 ways to commit a hasty generalization?
- anecdote
- exceptional cases
- biased sample
- too small of sample
- self-selected
What are 2 ways to commit fallacy of popular belief?
- fallacious appeal to common practice
2. bandwagon fallacy
Accident fallacy
occurs when a speak or write assumes that a general statement automatically applies to a specific case
Type of hasty generalization that occurs when someone generalizes about members who are included by their own decision
self-selection fallacy
Type of hasty generalization that occurs a generalization about a large population on an atypical or skewed sample
fallacy of biased sample
In an induction argument what are the premises suppose to do to conclusion?
the premise(s) support(s) the conclusion
How are inductive arguments evaluates?
whether they are strong or weak
What are 3 to reason inductively?
- argument from analogy
- generalize from a sample
3, cause and effect
What makes an argument by analogy strong?
the more numerous and diversified the similarities between the premise and conclusion analogues and if there are more than one premise-analogues that are numerous and diversified
What makes an argument by analogy weak?
the more numerous and diversified the differences between the premise analogue and conclusion analogue and too few premise analogues that are more numerous and diversified in differences
What fallacy is associated with argument from analogy?
weak/false analogy
Explain generalizing from a sample
when you reason that all, most or some percentage of all members of a population have an attribute because all, most, or some percentage of a sample of the population have that attribute
What are 3 ways that generalizing from a sample is weak?
- the more atypical (biased) the sample the weaker the generalization
- the less diversified the sample. the weaker the generalization
- if the sample is too small to mirror the overall the population, the generalization is weak
Which types of samples are best to generalize about a population?
if a sample is unbiased, large and diversified
Which type of fallacy is best associated with generalize from a sample?
hasty generalizations
What are 3 principles often used to arrive at a cause and effect relationships?
- paired unusual event principle
- covariation
- common variable principle
