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Experimental Psychology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Superstition

A

“7 years bad luck for a broken mirror”

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2
Q

Intuition

A

having that “gut” feeling

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3
Q

Authority

A

Something accepted solely on the basis of the credibility of source

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4
Q

Tenacity

A

believing that something is real because you hear it repeatedly

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5
Q

Rationalism

A

All humans are mortal. I am human. Therefore, I am mortal

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6
Q

Empiricism

A

“I can experience everything I believe” relies on the 5 sense

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7
Q

What is the relationship between Empiricism and Rationalism?

A

Gaining knowledge via science involves a merger of rationalism and empiricism. Scientists collect data (make empirical observations) and test hypotheses with these data (assess them using rationalism).

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8
Q

Determinism

A

our event is preceded by other events

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9
Q

Order

A

the idea that there is a sequential pattern of events

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10
Q

Discoverability

A

there isn’t anything that we can never know.

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11
Q

Systematic Empiricism

A

making a way to measure otherwise qualitative data

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12
Q

objectivity

A

reliability validity

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13
Q

publicly verifiable

A

publishing research allows for other scientists to read, expound, and replicate the research.

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14
Q

Empirically solvable

A

must have a falsifiable hypothesis (it must be stated in a way that it can be proven wrong) For example: null and alternative hypothesis

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15
Q

Parsimony

A

if we have two explanations that are equal, then we accept the simpler explanation

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16
Q

Self-correcting

A

Researchers carefully replicate findings before committing their lab to future research. Research but be constantly replicated to be accepted as scientifically proven.

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17
Q

Control

A

unknown

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18
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Ask a question 2.Background Research
  2. Construct a hypothesis
  3. Test your hypothesis by doing an experiment
  4. Analyze your data and draw a conclusion
  5. Communicate your results
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19
Q

Basic

A

The study of psychological issues to seek knowledge for its own sake

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20
Q

Applied

A

the study of psychological issues that have practical significance and potential solutions

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21
Q

Descriptive

Goals of science- methods of science

A

carefully observing behavior in order to describe it, Observational- making observations of human or animal behavior, Case study- an in-depth study of one or more individuals, survey- questioning individuals on a topic and then describing their responses, Naturalistic observation- observing the behavior of humans or animals in their natural habitat, Laboratory observation- observing the behavior of humans or animals in a more contrived and controlled situation, usually the laboratory.

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22
Q

Predictive (relational) (goals of science- methods of science)

A

identifying the factors that indicate when an event or events occur. everything is a dependent variable (researcher does not manipulate the IV), Correlational- a method that assess the degree of relationship between two variables, quasi-experimental- research that compares naturally occurring groups of individuals; the variable of interest cannot be manipulated.

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23
Q

Explanatory (goals of science- methods of science)

A

identifying the causes that determine when and why a behavior occurs, can only be explanatory if it’s an experiment, there has to be random assignment and control of extraneous variables

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24
Q

Variable

A

an event or behavior that has at least two values

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25
Q

Independent variable

A

what the researcher manipulates

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26
Q

Dependent variable

A

what the researcher observes

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27
Q

Extraneous variable

A

Undesirable variables that influence the relationship between variables that an experimenter is examining

28
Q

Participant variable

A

unknown

29
Q

pseudoscience

A

claims that appear to be scientific but that actually violate the criteria of science

30
Q

Nazi atrocities

A

(Ethical violation) Nuremberg code (1948) says that there are things that are unethical to do to the enemy even in times of war

31
Q

Tuskegee study

A

Black men in Tuskegee, Alabama were told that they were being treated for syphilis but were not despite the fact that an effective treatment was known

32
Q

Milgram study

A

participants were placed under extreme psychological stress and learned things about themselves that they would have preferred not to know

33
Q

Zimbardo study

A

“prison study”

34
Q

Deidrick stapel

A

fabricated results in his research

35
Q

Principle A ( general principles of APA)

A

Beneficence and nonmaleficence psychologists seek to safeguard the welfare and rights of those with whom they interact professionally and other affected persons

36
Q

Principle B

A

Fidelity and responsibility roles- professional conduct, adaptable methods, responsibility - self and colleagues, public communication one must publish his or her research

37
Q

Principle C

A

Integrity honesty, fairness, and respectfulness prudent use of deception

38
Q

Principle D

A

Justice availability of benefits of research and self competence

39
Q

Principle E

A

Respect for people’s rights and dignity privacy, confidentiality, self-determination, awareness of differences

40
Q

Ten Ethical standard

A
  1. Resolving ethical issues
  2. competence
  3. Human relations
  4. Privacy and confidentiality
  5. Advertising and other public statements
  6. Record keeping and fees
  7. Education and training
  8. Research and publication
  9. Assessment
  10. Therapy
41
Q

what are two important safeguards as far as ethics are concerned?

A
  1. Informed consent form

2. Institutional review board

42
Q

The Hawthorne effect

A

participants are trying to figure out what the researcher is up to and do what they want. (the effect of participant’s awareness of being observed by the researcher)

43
Q

Internal validity

A

the degree of confidence that the IV have caused the DV

44
Q

External validity

A

extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

45
Q

Construct validity

A

did the instructions create what the researcher intended them to create

46
Q

Statistical validity

A

the degree to which conclusions about the relationship among variables based on the data are correct or ‘reasonable’.

47
Q

Threat to internal validity- Nonequivalent control groups-

A

problems in subject selection or assignment may lead to important difference between the subjects assigned to the experimental and control groups : solution- use random sampling and random assignment of subjects

48
Q

Threat to internal validity- History

A

changes in the dependent variable may be due to outside events that take place during the course of study: solution- use an equivalent control group

49
Q

Threat to internal validity-Maturation

A

changes in the dependent variable may be due to subjects maturing during the course of the study: solution- use an equivalent control group

50
Q

Threat to internal validity Testing

A

changes in the dependent variable maybe due to participants being tested repeatedly and getting either better or worse because of these repeated testings: solution- use an equivalent control group

51
Q

Threat to internal validity

Regression to the mean

A

subjects who are selected for a study because they are extreme on some variable may regress towards the mean and be less extreme at a later testing: solution- use an equivalent group of subjects with extreme scores

52
Q

Threat to internal validity

mortality or attrition

A

differential attrition or dropout in the experimental and control groups may lead to inequality between the groups: solution-monitor for differential loss of subjects of experimental and control groups

53
Q

Threat to internal validity

Diffusion of treatment

A

changes in the behaviors or responses of participants may be due to information they have received from others participating in the study: solution- attempt to minimize by testing subjects all at once or as close together in time as possible

54
Q

Threat to internal validity

floor or ceiling effects

A

the measuring instrument used is not sensitive enough to detect differences: solution-ensure that measuring instrument is reliable and valid before beginning the study

55
Q

Threat to internal validity

experimenter and subject effects

A

either experimenters or subjects consciously or unconsciously affect the results of the study: solution- use a double-blind or single blind procedure

56
Q

Threat to internal validity

selection

A

the participants can make a group nonequivalent by their characteristics or experiences

57
Q

Threat to external validity- Sampling

A

ex: a convenience sample wouldn’t apply to the entire population, but a random or representative sample would

58
Q

Threat to external validity- interaction of selection and treatment

A

If it is found that there are differences between the groups, you need to make sure one select group gets the IV

59
Q

Threat to external validity- Interaction of testing and treatment

A

pretest sensitization- the pretest draws attention to the IV: solution- give the pretest without the treatment

60
Q

Threat to external validity- Multiple treatment interaction

A

: When the same
subjects receive two or more treatments as in a
repeated measures design, there may be a carryover
effect between treatments such the the results
cannot be generalized to single treatments.

61
Q

Threat to external validity- reactive arrangements

A

An effect that is due simply to the fact that subjects know that they are participating in an experiment and experiencing the novelty of it — the Hawthorne effect.

62
Q

Threat to external validity- instrumentation

A

consistency of the dependent variable being measured by a machine or human, machine needs to be calibrated, humans need to be consistent

63
Q

Predictive (relational) method- correlation

A

only attempts to determine if there is a relationship between 2 variables (problem: there is a lack of control on extraneous variable)

64
Q

Predictive method- pearson r

A

used when the independent and dependent variables are numeric

65
Q

Predictive method-

Point biserial

A

the correlation coefficient used when one of the variables is measured on a dichotomous nominal scale and the other is measured on an interval or ratio scale

Experimental Psychology (2 decks)

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