Final Review... Flashcards
Endocrine Secretions of Pancreas?
Insulin & Glucagon
After Fasting or Exercising, Glucose levels will be _______ & Insulin levels will be _______
Post Fasting/Exercising:
- Glucagon = Elevated
- Insulin = Reduced
After Eating a meal, Glucose levels will be _______ & Insulin levels will be _______
- Post Eating Insulin = Elevated
- Glucagon = Reduced
DM1/DM2: Which is an Idiopathic T-cell mediated auto-immune childhood D/O?
DM1 - loss of the insulin producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas leading to a deficiency of insulin.
DM1/DM2: Which is has a genetic predisposition, an onset due to Obesity and can lead to peripheral arterial diseases like Artherosclerosis and other Vascular Insufficiencies?
DM 2 – it’s the most common type of DM.
DM2 is the significant cause of adult blindness in the non-elderly & the leading cause of non-traumatic amputation in adults, & diabetic nephropathy is the main illness requiring renal dialysis in the United States.
Are TRH, GNRH, CRH, GHRH & PRH stimulating or Releasing hormones?
They are all Releasing Hormones and are controlled by Hypothalamus
Are TSH (Thyrotrophs), LH/FSH (Gonadotrophs), ACTH/MSH (Corticotrophs), GH (Somatrophs) & Prolactin (Lactotrophs) Stimulating or Releasing Hormones?
They are all Stimulating Hormones (minus PROLACTIN) controlled by Anterior Pituitary & 2ry D/O’s of Endocrine system.
Major Difference between Acromegaly & Gigantism? (Both are Pituitary Adenomas)
Acromegaly = POSTpuberty & closed Epiphiseal plates
Gigantism = PREpuberty & open Epiphiseal plates (In Puberty Estrogen & Testosterone will stimulate plates to close)
Any Secondary Endocrine D/O will mean there is a presence of a ___________ ________
Pituitary Tumor
Cushing’s _________, if we insert steroids into system via injection or drugs, what profile will that mimic? What level?
*Cushing’s Syndrome
*Primary = Cortisol increase will support Sympathetic reactions (Cortisol = Sugar) -
**WILL SHUT DOWN production of ACTH Corticotrophic Regulating hormone
If Cushings is a result of Secondary cause of INCREASE in ACTH, MSH & cortisol, then this is known as _________
Cushing’s Disease = “Bronzing”
In Primary Hypothyroidism - how will hormone levels appear?
- T3 + T4 = down
- TSH = UP
- Opposite directions “Cushing’s Syndrome”
In Secondary Hypothyroidism aka due to a Pituitary Adenoma - how will hormone levels appear?
- T3 + T4 = down
- TSH = down
like mother like daughter “Cushing’s Disease”
What type of hormones are Estrogen, Androgens, Progesterone, Aldosterone, Cortisol, Melanin, T3 & T4, Precursors to Sex Hormones, Breast Milk & IGF?
Primary Hormones - when elevated, secondary & Hypothalamus are reduced & vice versa
Sertoli cells…
are blood-testes barrier, secrete androgen-binding proteins & are scavengers
Leydig cells…
produce/secrete testosterone
What are the glands of the Male repro. system that contribute to seminal fluid?
- Prostate
- Culpher’s glands (Bulbourethral)
- Seminal vesicles
LH is important for _________ in MRS. And in FSH?
LH = production of Testosterone & support leydig cells
FSH = maturation of spermatogenic cells
LH is important for _________ in FRS. And in FSH?
LH = ovulation
FSH = follicle production in follicular stage to grow & develop
In what disease do the LH & FSH’s have no stimulation or abnormal? What are some clinical presentations?
PCOS
S&S/Clinical presentation = Un-Ovulatory cycles, Oligomenorrhea, Amenorrhea, Obesity/Weight gain, Acne, Infertility, hirsutim.
What Endocrine disease is PCOS linked to?
DM2
Typical diagnostic Triad of Endometriosis?
*Infertility
*Dysparenia - pain during sex,
*Dysmenorrhea
Which two cancers of FRS are strongly considered to be due to STD’S? Which STD’s are the two most common?
*Cervical & Vulvar
* Two most common are Chlamydia & Gonorrhea
The most lethal/fatal type of Cancer for Women? Why is it most worrisome?
*Ovarian Cancer
*No Screening
What type of Cancer should you consider in a menstrual bleeding post menopausal female?
Endometrial/Uterine
In general, what increases the risk of Cancer in Reproductive Organs for Women?
Earlier onset (-9) of Menarche and later onset of Menopause - length of Menstrual life. Too late = post age 55
In Diabetes Insipidus - specific gravity is _____ & ADH is _____. What is the Triad of characteristics? What is the Urine color? What affect does ADH have in testing?
*Specific Gravity = LOW - so Urine will be clear
*ADH = LOW - tubules do not accept
*Triad = PolyUria, Polydipsia & Polyphasia
*Larger than 2L of urine per hour (>5-30L)
* ADH injected - if condition does NOT improve then due to Nephrogenic condition of KD -
if condition improves, then due to Central system in Brain
What does Specific Gravity affect? How is it determined?
Concentration of Urine; depends on ability of tubules to concentrate urine
Ratio = Osmolarity of Urine divided by Osmolarity of Plasma
How will Urine appear in conditions of SIADH (Syndrome of Inapropriate secretion of ADH)?
Scanty & Dark Urine - Hypothalamus produces too much AHD
* Increased Specific gravity
In DM, what triad will exist? Insulin numbers will be _______.
- Polyuria
- Polidipsia
- Poliphasia
Insulin will be low
Where is the application of ADH?
Inhibits Urination in Distal Nephron tubule by reabsorbing more water to blood compartment
What are S&S of Meningeal presentation?
- Stiffness of neck muscles
- Photophobia
- Occipital stiffness
- Severe H/A
- Actively check Brudzinsky test
- Kernig Test
- Spinal Tap test done btwn L3-L5
In stroke patients or patients with head trauma, when UMN is affected/injured, how will they react?
- Reflexes Exaggerated
- Muscles spastic
- Babinsky Test will be present, and serious - sole of foot stroked & the toes curl in plantar extension aka dorsal flexion/fanning - shd not be present after 18 months of life
In a LMN injury, muscles will be ______? What other side affects?
- Muscles atrophied
- Flaccidity/Weakness
- Reflexes down or disappear eventually altogether
What diasease only has degeneration of both UMN & LMN’s?
ALS (Amio-Trophic Lateral Sclerosis) - Lou Gherrig’s
Test done for Meningitis, severe neck stiffness causing a patients hips & knees to flex when the neck is flexed?
Brusdzinsky Test
Test done for Meningtis, severe stiffness of the hanstrings causing an inability to straighten leg when the hip is flexed to 90°?
Kernigs Test
What type of meningitis usually produces hemorrhaging & thrombosis at the same time & is considered the most deadly? Esp in Adrenals.
Bacterial Meningtis - Dissemintated intravascular coagulation
What is the difference between a patient suffering from Adenomyosis & Endometryosis?
- Adenomyosis = multi-parous female patient, vigorous contractions of Uterus, implantation of endometrium inside of muscle of Uterus
- Endometriosis = mostly in fertile females, can be located ectopically
Anterior cul de sac is located where? Posterior Cul de sac?
- Anterior between - UB & Ant wall of Uterus
- Posterior between - Post. wall of Uterus & Ant wall of Rectum aka Pouch of Douglas
Why do most people develop ectopic pregnancy’s?
PID - usually caused by STD’s (Chlamydia/Ghonorrhea most common)
Pap Smear is done for?
Cervical Cancer screen, smear from cervical canal to examine epithelium for dysplasia, shd be administered by age 21
Dimentia is a profound loss of _________
- Loss of Content of Consciousness - who we are, what life is about, understanding, short & long term memory(antero & retro), judgment loss, Interpretation is lacking, inability to write and do simple math, symbols; Alertness part is still present however
- Most Common type of Dimentia is Alzheimer’s
LH controls ________ phase & FSH controls _______ phase
- Stage 1 - LH controls Follicular phase/Estradiol and Ovulation - endometrium grows and day 14 starts Proliferative for Uterus
- Stage 2 - LH spikes - Luteal phase for ovary & secretory for Uterus, LH necc. for Ovulation
- Stage 3 FSH - Luteal Phase/Progesterone secretes, FSH goes up then back down when Menses will occur at end & day one of the next cycle
Preeclampsia is diagnosed by:
Pregnant women testing + for HYT 2 tests in a row after 20 weeks of gestation
- Hypertension
- Albuminuria/Polyuria
IF HYT pre 20 weeks then a pre-existing condition
Most UTI’s are due to _________
Obstruction of Urine somewhere along the system…stubborn one’s will produce struvite stones
What is CSF like in Bacterial meningitis?
Cloudy & Low Glucose content - runs under higher pressure in spinal tap & there is a larger amount of proteins.
* Most importantly - IT WILL BE LOW IN GLUCOSE LEVELS
