Final Review Flashcards
What composes the cell membrane?
Selectively permeable phosopholipid membrane with integral and peripheral proteins.
What are integral and peripheral proteins?
An integral protein is a protein that spans the entire cell membrane that cannot be easily extracted.
A peripheral protein is a small protein on either side of the membrane that can be easily extracted without destroying the membrane.
Large lipid soluble molecules enter the cell by which route?
Diffusion through lipid portion of the membrane
What primary active transport?
Carrier mediated transport that requires ATP, transporting molecules against a concentration gradient.
What is secondary active transport?
Associated with moving two ligands. One with move with concentration gradient and one will move against the concentration gradient. When ligands are pumped in the opposite direction it is referred to as an antiporter or counterporter
What is the resting potential inside of a cell?
-70 mV
What is saltatory conduction?
The increase in diffusion of Na ions down a myleinated axon because of a defiancy of Na ions in myselinated regions.
As diameter of an axon increases what happens to conduction speed?
It increases because of less resistance.
What is the sodium potassium pump?
Maintains the membrane potential by regulating sodium and postassium levels inside the cell. It uses primary active transport and pumps potassium inside the cell and sodium outside the cell. The more rapid diffusion of potassium than sodium will also generate membrane potential.
What is an ESPS?
An excitatory post synaptic potential, causes depolarization of another neuron.
What is temporal summation?
Increasing the firing of an AP in a certain amount of time.
What is spatial summation?
a way of achieving an action potential in a neuron with input from multiple presynaptic cells.
During the resting potential of a cell, what charge does it have?
Negative compared to the outside of the cell
What happens to a nerve membrane as its permeability to K increases, while other ion permeability remains the same?
The membrane will become hyperpolarized.
What does the H band on the myofibril represent?
Myosin
Receptor mediated endocytosis does not___________________.
Only transport materials against a concentration gradient
Where is Ca released from during excitation contraction coupling and skeletal muscles?
The lateral sac in the SER.
What is a motor unit?
All of the muscle fibers that are innervated by a single motor neuron.
How do action potentials penetrate deeply in skeletal muscle fibers?
The transverse tubule (t-tubule).
Where is the muscle length and tension greatest?
At L subzero
Which two muscle types have myogenic properties?
Cardiac and Smooth muscle
Which autoimmune disease destroys receptors on the endplate for ACH?
Myasthenia Gravis
Curare is antagonist to which neurotransmitter?
ACH, creating flaccid paralysis.
Nerve tracts are to the central nervous system as ________________.
Nerves are to the peripheral nervous system
Ganglia are to the peripheral nervous system as __________________.
Nuclei are to the central nervous system
Gland, ducts, vesso construction, and heart rate are all controlled by the _____________.
Autonomic nervous system
Which part of the brain serves as a relay station for afferent information on its way to the sensory cortex?
The thalamus
Which part of the brain serves as the thermostat?
The hypothalamus
What is a generator potential?
A graded potential
As the strength of a stimulus increases, the action potential generated with in the receptor does what?
Increases in frequency
Ganglia are associated with which parts of the nervous system?
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
What is reciprocal innervation?
Involving a flexor and a extensor, where one is excited while the other is inhibited on the same limb.
What is the receptor that is responsible for monitoring muscle length?
The muscle spindle
The knee jerk reaction is _______________.
A monosynaptic reflex synapses that directly with a motor neuron at the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord. No inter neurons.
Descending fibers from the brain stem become crisscrossed when passing to the spinal cord because of which pathway?
The cortical spinal pathway
What is the adrenal medulla?
A modification of the post ganglionic portion of the sympathetic nervous system
What is ANF?
Anti Nuritic Factor:
- Promotes the excretion of Na
- Promotes the loss of water
- Could suppress the release of ACH
- Could suppress the release of aldosterone
The ridges and folds of the endocardium in the heart are called what?
Trabeculae carneae
During ventricular system, contraction, the aortic and pulmonary vales are doing what?
Opening, while atria are dystole (relaxed).
What are the components of the conducting system within the heart?
S.A. Node
A.V. Node
Bundle of Hiss
Pukingie Fibers
Within the myelogenic conductance system of cardiac cells the action potential is it readily transmitted because of what physiological structure?
Gap junctions
What induces the myogenic property of cardiac muscle cells?
Changes in permeability to K ions
What is occurring during the P phase of an EKG?
Atrial depolarization
Cardiac output decreases with which section of the nervous system?
Parasympathetic innervation with the release of norepinephrine.
In the process of secondary active transport of a molecule against a concentration gradient depends upon:
- The passive movement of another molecule
- Specific membrane receptors
- Specific membrane carriers
- Specificity
How do fat-soluble materials pass through the ECF into the cell?
Simple Diffusion
Where is excess body fluid reabsorbed?
Lymph capillaries
How does air into the lungs?
Bulk Flow
Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?
The phrenic nerve
Which proteins are not easily extracted from the cell membrane?
Integral proteins
What is hypotension?
A decrease in blood pressure while reclining
Name two paracrine agents.
Histamine and prostaglandin
Autocrine growth factors, such as PDGF (platelet derived growth factor), exert an effect by ________________.
Activate tyrosine
In a human fetus, how will blood pass the right ventricle?
Through the ductus arteriosus
In a human fetus, how will some blood in the umbilical vein bypass the liver?
Ductus venosus
After the birth of a fetus the umbilical teres forms from _______________.
The umbilical vein
The ligamentum arteriosum is associated with ____________________.
The ductus arteriosus
When insulin binds to its receptor on a target cell:
- The insulin receptor activate a kinase
- The glucose receptor transporter is externalized
- Glucose will be transported into the cell by active transport
- Glucose will be transported in the cell by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion
What cells are mobilized during organ rejection?
T-lymphocytes
What causes a decrease in diastolic pressure after prolonged exercise?
Active for hyperemia
Which cell type has been strongly implicated in the blood brain barrier?
Astrocytes
What would characterize a person who has familial hypercholesterolemia?
- A low number of LDL receptors on cells
- Arthrosclerosis
- High blood pressure
- Peripheral resistance
What happens to rod cells in light?
Hyperpolarization
The G protein transducin will be involved with transduction in what two chemoreceptors?
Light and taste
Which period of skeletal muscle twitch is best effected from fatigue?
Latent
Major cells of defense within the brain and spinal cord are what?
Microglia
What is clathrin?
Protein that coats the location where a vesicle can invaginate a cell.
What type of transport is occurring with the Na K pump?
Counter transport
What is cell capping?
Cell movement using endo and exocytosis to move across an insoluble matrix using RGD receptors.
What is FAK?
Special RGD receptor, focus adhesion kinease. Wen avtivated promotes cell growth and differentiation.
What is messenger gaiting?
Allows a cell to be selectively permiable
What does cAMP do?
Activates a kinease
How does Botox induce flaccid paralysis?
Blocks the release of ACH.
Curare is antagonistic to
ACH
What muscle fiber is fast twitch Glycolytic?
Type II b
What is the significance EAA receptor?
Slow twitch metabotropic for glutamate
What’s a neuromodulators?
Prolong or shorten the effects of neurotransmitters.
What develops from the proencephalon?
Cerebrum, and all thalymus’
