Final Review

Question 1

First Amendment Freedoms

Answer 1

religion, press, speech, assembly, petition, government

Question 2

“clear and present danger”

Answer 2

under what circumstances limits can be placed on 1st amendment

Question 3

poll tax

Answer 3

fee that one must pay in order to be allowed to vote

Question 4

grandfather clause

Answer 4

permitted a man to vote if his grandfather could vote prior to the civil war, racially restrictive provision put in place by mostly southern states

Question 5

jim crow laws

Answer 5

laws passed by souther states after Reconstruction, enforcing segregation

Question 6

civil rights act 1964

Answer 6

Title II- ended segregation in public accommodations
VI- termination of federal aid to any program not ending segregation
VII- banned discrimination in employment

All enforced by Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Question 7

civil rights act of 1968

Answer 7

past partly in sympathy of the death of MLK Jr.

-extending anti-discrimination to the area of housing

Question 8

de jure segregation

Answer 8

racial segregation that is legally sanctioned

Question 9

de facto segregation

Answer 9

racial segregation that occurs as a result of decisions by private individuals

Question 10

brown vs. board of education (1954)

Answer 10

supreme court case that declared racial segregation in schools unconstitutional
-among the most significant decisions the supreme court has made

Question 11

plessy vs. ferguson (1896)

Answer 11

court decision declaring that separate but equal was constitutional
Plessy was 1/8th black and challenged laws of passenger cars

Question 12

establishment clause

Answer 12

• no state religions
• state may not aid one religion over another
• broadly read: no state involvement in any religious association

Question 13

lemon test

Answer 13

governments actions must have a secular legislative purpose

• most not have the purpose of advancing or prohibiting religion
• must not result in excessive entanglement with religion

Question 14

gideon vs. wainwright (1936)

Answer 14

6th amendment issue, the right to a fair impartial trial with jury by peers

Question 15

miranda vs. arizona (1966)

Answer 15

protects individuals from tortured or coerced confessions by saying that person cannot be forced to testify against themselves
-“miranda” rights

Question 16

fighting words doctrine

Answer 16

principle endorsed by the Supreme court that some words constitute violent acts and are not protected under the 1st amendment

Question 17

marbury vs. madison (1803)

Answer 17

established judicial review; the constitution is supreme law and binds all of the branches
-establishes a government with limited power

Question 18

judicia activism

Answer 18

any time a court overturns an established law or policy

Question 19

original jurisdiction

Answer 19

courts that try and resolve only those cases being heard for the first time

Question 20

appellate jurisdiction

Answer 20

courts that review the decision of lower courts to determine if constitutionality or statutory principles and procedures were correctly interpreted and followed

Question 21

9 justices of the supreme court

Answer 21

chief justice john roberts 
stephen breyer 
Ruth Bader Ginsburg 
Anthony M. Kennedy 
Sonia Sotomayer 
Antonin Scalia 
David Souter 
Elena Kagan 
Clarence Thomas

Question 22

majority opinions

Answer 22

written or assigned by chief justice if voting with majority, otherwise written by most senior justice voting with majority

Question 23

concurring opinion

Answer 23

written by any justice who agrees with the decision but disagrees with the majority

Question 24

Article III court

Answer 24

1. U.S. District courts 2. U.S. Circuit court of appeals 3. Supreme Courts
2. U.S. Court of claims 2. U.S. courts of international trade

Question 25

Second type of Article III court

Answer 25

1. migistrate 2. bankruptcy 3. U.S. court of military appeals 4. U.S. tax court 5. U.S. court of veteran appeals

Question 26

state courts

Answer 26

1. two sets of trial courts a. trial courts of limited jurisdiction (probate, family, traffic, etc.) b. trial courts of general jurisdiction (main trial-level courts)

Question 27

bill of rights

Answer 27

originally not written in constitution, rights are not granted to the people by the government, they exist independently of civil society and the government

Question 28

line item veto

Answer 28

executive can reject certain provisions of a bill

Question 29

iron triangle

Answer 29

close, stable connection among agencies, interest groups and congressional committees

Question 30

issue networks

Answer 30

loose, competitive relationships among policy experts, interest groups, congressional committees, and government agencies

Question 31

Office of management and budget

Answer 31

responsible for president’s budget, setting personal policy, reviewing every piece of proposed legislation that executive branch submits

Question 32

government corporations

Answer 32

perform services that the private sector could not adequately carry out, charge for service, Amtrak

Question 33

inner cabinet

Answer 33

four cabinets: state, defense, treasury and justice; secretaries usually have the closest ties to president

Question 34

outer cabinet

Answer 34

provide interest groups access to executive branch of government