Final review Flashcards
What is the term for WBCs in the urine? What could this indicate?
pyuria. indicates infection
What color indicates hematuria? What color will the supernatent be once the urine is centrifuged?
reddish-brown. Supernatent is clean, sediment is reddish-brown
What is another term for FUS? What does this indicate?
FLUTDz- feline lower urinary tract disease
Which pad on the reagent strip could be positive in a diabetic patient?
glucose
Which collection method will yield the most bacteria? the least?
free catch= most bacteria
cystocentesis= least bacteria
What useful information is determined from passing a catheter? What complications could there be from catheterization?
patency of the urethra. increased risk of infection
urine should be read within _____ minutes or kept in the refrigerator for _____ hours.
30-60 minutes
6-12 hours
what does clear urine indicate?
dilute urine. indicates polydipsia, diabetes, or renal dz
what does turbidity refer to?
cloudiness
What could a cloudy urine sample indicate?
bacteria
What is the average urine specific gravity measure of dogs and cats? What instrument is used?
use refractometer.
dogs= 1.025
cats= 1.030
what could a sweet smell to the urine indicate?
ketones, bacteria, diabetes
What could alkaline urine indicate?
dietary factors- herbivores
what could high protein indicate?
proteinuria
UTI, hematuria, glomerular dz
what other conditions (besides diabetes) could cause in increase in glucose?
transient hyperglycemia=stress-related, pancreatitis
what could cause an increase in ketones?
lactation, starvation, malnutrition
is urobilinogen useful in diagnostics for animals?
no, not reliable
how can you tell if a sample is truly hematuria?
once centrifuged, the supernatant will be clear
what could WBCs in the urine be confused with?
renal tubular epithelial cells
What are urinary casts made of?
protein and mucoprotein
where do granular casts come from?
younger casts that have recently formed and haven’t broken down yet
what is the most common type of casts in cats?
fatty cast
what could fatty casts indicate in dogs?
renal dz
which is the largest epithelial cell?
squamous
where do transitional epithelial cells come from?
renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra
how are crystals recorded?
occasional, moderate, many, or #/LPF
what is the most common type of crystal in dogs and cats?
struvite
what do cystine crystals look like?
“stop signs,” hexagons, normally seen in layers
in which breed will ammonium urates occur?
dalmations and english bulldogs
which crystal is common in horses, rabbits, guinea pigs, and goats?
calcium carbonate
which crystal indicates severe liver dz?
leucine and/or tyrosine
parasites/eggs that could be seen in urine
microfilaria (heartworm), capillaria plica (bladder worm), giant kidney worm
which stains can be used for urinalysis?
best choice= Sterheimer-Malbin (sedi-stain)
or NMB (not as common)
neutrophils that are hypersegmented, condensed nucleus, loss of nuclear membrane, fragmented nucleus
degenerative neutrophil
technique using 21-25 g needle and 3-12 ml syringe
FNA (fine needle aspirate
term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little to no resemblance to normal cells
anaplasia
round with round to oval nucleus, may react to fluid and change shape. found in the thorax. resembles macrophages
mesothelial cells
technique used for ear cytology
swab
inflammation with mast cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes may be present
eosinophilic
oval cell with odd-shaped nucleus, basophils, cytoplasm, perinuclear clear zone
plasma cell
technique used to by exposing a piece of tissue to a slide
impression
slide preparation used to expel content onto the middle of the slide
linear smear
abnormal increase in the number of cells
hyperplasia
stain that gives excellent nuclear detail
new methylene blue (NMB)
inflammation with 85% neutrophis
purulent
stain not good for mast cell, bone marrow and lymph node biopsies
Romanowsky
1/3 sample in middle, 1/3 squash, 1/3 line smear
combination
increase of the size of an organ or in a select area of the same tissue
hypertrophy
inflammation with few neutrophils
granulomatous
change in the type of adult cells in a tissue to a form that is abnormal for that tissue
metaplasia
inflammation with 75% neutrophils
pyogranulous
the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor. can be benign or malignant
neoplasia
slide preparation using needle to drag sample at various lengths and directions
starfish
tissue biopsy obtained with a scalpel
wedge biopsy
opposite of malignant
benign
most commonly used stain in clinics
Diff-quik
round to oval, numerous blue to purple cytoplasmic granules containing histamine and heparin
mast cell
tissue biopsy obtained with a key tool
punch biopsy
abnormal development in size, shape and organization of adult cells
dysplagia
technique used by obtaining cells with a scalpel blade
skin scrape
list the four vaginal epithelial cells
basal cells, parabasal, intermediate, superficial
list the four stages of the estrous cycle
proestrus, estrus, diestrus, anestrus
what is the average age of occurrence of vaginal neoplasias?
10 years
what is the most common form of reproductive neoplasia?
mammary neoplasia
vaginitis occurs regardless of___, ____, ______.
age, breed, reproductive status
these are the oldest vaginal epithelial cells and may or may not have a nucleus
superficial cells
the youngest vaginal epithelial cells
basal cells
during which stage of estrous will a bitch stand to be bred?
estrus
why do we perform vaginal cytology?
determine stage of estrous, evaluate vaginal dz
why do we perform a semen collection?
prelude to artificial insemination, assess potential fertility issues
what is the color of normal ejaculate?
milky and moderately viscous
what would serous, greenish, or grayish ejaculate indicate?
inflammation or infection
normal semen should be ___% motile
70%
what stain is the most commonly used stain for sperm morphology?
nigrosin-eosin stain
list 5 abnormalities of sperm
mishapen head double-headed detached head bent tail/midpiece coiled tail
where would you obtain interstitial cells from and by what method?
obtained from testicle
FNA (fine needle aspirate)
sertoli cell tumors are always _____.
benign
proestrus
immediately precedes estrus
- increase in estrogen
- attractive to male but will not stand for breeding
estrus
females will seek out males and stand for them prior to breeding
diestrus
stage where corpora lutea are present (functional and secrete increased amounts of progesterone)
-increased progesterone
anestrus
prolonged period of sexual rest
-length- approx 70-80 days depending on whether or not bitch is pregnant
stain used for vaginal cytology
Diff-quik
how do you place vaginal cytology sample on the slide?
rolling motion (not sliding or rubbing)
how do you stain a vaginal cytology sample?
diff-quik
treat like blood smear
10-10-15
predominant cell type in proestrus sample?
RBCs (normal in large numbers)
predominant cell type in estrus sample
90% superficial cells (fully cornified-no nucleus)
predominant cell type in diestrus
superficial cells decrease by 20%
- looks similar to proestrus
- reappearance of intermediate/parabasal cells
dogs ovulate _______ days prior to the onset of diestrus
5-7 days
predominant cell of anestrus sample
parabasal and intermediate cells
-superficial cells are NOT presentq
clinical signs of vaginitis
mucoid (purulent) discharge, pollakuria (frequent urination), licking vulva
pyometra and metritis
large numbers of degenerative neutrophils and bacteria
vaginal neoplasia
second most common form of reproductive neoplasia, following mammary neoplasia
semen collection methods
- teaser female
- artificial vagina
- digital manipulation
- electroejaculation
what objective do you observe sperm with?
40x
sperm concentration
typically performed on a hemacytometer- tedious
or spectrophotometer-measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample
an important part of any breeding soundness exam is an -__________________.
evaluation of sperm morphology
live sperm appear _____ with nigrosin-eosin stain
white
dead= gray/pinkish
less than ____% of spermatozoa are abnormal in a normal animal
10-20%
normal cells seen in testicle tissue sample (FNA)
spermatozoa, sertoli cells, interstitial cells, blood (contamination from FNA)
sertoli cell tumors
usually always benign
- occurs in older dogs and cryptorchid dogs
- firmest of the canine testicular tumors
- typically nodular
- white/gray in color
seminomas
cancerous
- cryptorchidism is a predisposing factor
- semi-firm with a homogenous glistening gray/white appearance on cut surface (looks fatty)
interstitial cell tumors
cancerous
- small, yellow to brown, soft
- metastasis is extremely rare- thought to be the least likely of the testicular tumors to metastisize
effusion
escape of fluid into a body part
pleural effusion
fluid effusion in the chest/thoracic cavity
-CS- elbows abducted away from chest, extension of head and neck
abdominal effusion
fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity
-CS- abdominal distension
thoracocentesis
for pleural effusions
- sternal/standing
- 18-20 g over-the-needle catheter
- syringe
- 3-way stop-cock
abdominocentesis
for abdominal effusions
- sternal or standing
- 1-2 cm caudal to umbilicus
when sending effusion samples to lab, it is best to send a ______ and _______ slide, and ______ tube.
stained and unstained and EDTA tube
best stain for effusion samples
Diff-quik
other stains that can be used for effusion samples
- Wright’s
- New Methylene Blue
- Papanicolaou
- Gram stain
normally there is only enough fluid within the thoracic and abdminal cavities to __________________________.
lubricate the surface of organs/cavity wall
normal fluid
clear to slightly turbid, colorless to straw, TP=less than 2.5 g/dl, SG=less than 1.015, TNCC= 2000-6000/ul
predominant cell type in effusions
neutrophils (degenerative and non-degenerative)
toxic neutrophils
develop in the marrow in response to inflammation, frothy cytoplasm, and vacuoles
mesothelial cells
line the pleural, peritoneal, and visceral surfaces
macrophages
single oval to bean-shaped nucleus, nuclear chromatin is lacy, vacuoles in cytoplasm, may be confused with mesothelial cells
basket cells
smudge cell/ruptured nucleated cell, chromatin spreads out and stains eosinophilic
fluid accumulation within body cavities can be classified as either _____, ______, or ______.
transudate, modified transudate, and exudate
transudate
(hint- less than)
typically large amount non-inflammatory origin
-from physiological problem
ascetic effusions (ascites)
transudates can be due to ________.
- low albumin in blood (hypoalbuminemia)- renal glomerular dz, hepatic insufficiency
- masses- neoplasia
- uroperitoneum (urine in abdomen)
- secondary due to CHF
parameters of transudates
-colorless
-clear
-SG= <1500 cells/ul
TNCC= 3 g/dl
modified transudates
(hint- variable/range)
occurs as a result of fluid leaking from lymphatic system
-least useful from a diagnostic point due to their variability
modified transudates can be due to ________.
- FIP- abdominal and thoracic effusions, fluid high in protein
- chylous effusion
- lymphatic fluid
- cardiovascular dz- one of most common causes in dogs and cats
- neoplastic dz
- ruptured bladder (uroperitoneum)
parameters of mod. transudates
variable amt of fluid -color- variable -turbidity- usually clear (amber, white, red, milky white, yellow) -SG- variable -TP= 2.5-7.5 g/dl (high) TNCC=1000-7000/ul -coagulation is possible
exudates
(hint- greater than)
occurs most commonly due to inflammation
predominant cell type in inflammation
degenerative neutrophils
exudates can be due to _______.
- inflammation
- infection (bacteria)
- necrosis
septic infection (exudates)
denotes the presence of bacteria, mostly degenerative neutrophils
nonseptic infection (exudates)
denotes absence of bacteria, predominant cell is variable
parameters of exudate
variable amt of fluid -color-amber to white to red -turbidity- turbid (cloudy) -SG= >1.018 -TP= >3 g/dl TNCC= >5000-7000/ul
peritonitis
inflammation of peritoneal/abdominal cavity
pleuritis
inflammation of pleural/thoracic cavity
causes of infectious peritonitis/pleuritis
- bacterial infx
- fungal, protozoal
- viral- FIP
- neoplasia
fusobacterium
anaerobic gram (-), normal flora in mouth, causitive agent for infected dog/cat bite wounds
FIP
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
- modified transudate, exudate
- occurs in cats of all ages
- coronovirus
- mortality is 100%
- fluid in abdomen and/or thorax
FIP parameters
- odorless
- straw/golden color
- turbidity- sticky (tenacious), may contain flecks of fibrin
- fluid will foam when shaken
wet FIP
peritoneal and pleural effusions
dry FIP
pyogranulomatous inflammation with neutrophils
uroperitoneum
urine in abdomen/peritoneal cavity
- causes- ruptured badder, ureters, urethra
- BUN and CREAT will be high
- bacteria may or may not be present
- will sometimes see crystals
effusions secondary to cardiovascular dz
fluid is yellow to milky white
-predominant cell type is lymphocytes
cats develop pericardial effusions 28% of the time due to _____, and 17% of the time due to ____.
CHF, FIP
chylous effusions
contain chyle (lipoproteins from intestines, travels through lymph system) -could be due to obstruction of lymphatic system (possible neoplasia)
parameters of chyous effusions
-odorless
-color- varies, milky white
TNCC- neutrophils/macrophages are predominant
causes for chylous effusions
- ruptured thoracic duct (very rare)
- commonly due to cardiovascular dz or lymphoma
- trauma
pseudochylous effusion
milky white but does not contain chyle
- milky white color due to cellular debris
- clear upon centrifugation
- common in human medicine, RARE in veterinary medicine
stain used for histological evaluations
Hematoxin/eosin stain (for tissue samples)
stain commonly used in human gynecological exams (pap smear)
Papanicolaou stain
-good nuclear detail
Epithelial cell tumors
AKA: carcinoma
- large cells with cellular variation and change in nuclei
- cellularity- usually high
- clumps/clusters
mesenchymal tumors
AKA: sarcoma
-shape- spindle to stellate (star-shaped)
cellularity- usually low
no clumps/clusters
Discrete round cell tumor
AKA: round cell tumors
- shape- round
- cellularity- usually high
- no clumps/clusters
