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HAN 364: informatics > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Nuremberg Code

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A
  • related to the Holocaust
  • established voluntary consent and right to withdraw from experiment

came first

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2
Q

WMA Declaration of Helsinki

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A
  • WMA = World Medical Associations
  • added the right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects to the Nuremberg Code

basically the first HIPAA

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3
Q

Flesch Reading Ease test

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A

assigns a value of 1 (most difficult) to 100 (easy)

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4
Q

Know the diifferent views of ethics

view of ethics (1)

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A

ethics does not exist outside the law, and exists only for the good of a properly ordered and legal society

in other words: a society’s needs and the prevailing laws define ethical behaviour

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5
Q

Know the diifferent views of ethics

view of ethics (2)

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A

ethics is usually strongly informed by the law, society, and the prevailing culture, and are extensions of these
- in other words: there are ethical requirements that are not necessarily required by law, but what is ethical can never conflict with what is legally required

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6
Q

Know the diifferent views of ethics

view of ethics (3)

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A

ethics exists entirely outside of the law and is a matter of personal conscience.

  • in other words: because ethics grows from within social practices, there is usually correspondence between ethics and the law; where there is conflict, the ethical viewpoint must always prevail
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7
Q

types of CHI applications

ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics

A
  • to inform
  • to instruct
  • to record
  • to display
  • to remind/alert
  • to guide
  • to communicate
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8
Q

examples of CHI applications

ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics

A
  • MyFitnessPal
  • FitBit
  • MapMyRun
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9
Q

telemedicine devices

ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics

A
  • digital scales
  • blood pressure monitors
  • glucose monitors
  • Nike+ shoes
  • smart water bottles

these are home devices that can measure at home and put in EMR

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10
Q

types of PHR

PHR = personal health record

ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics

A
  • tethered: extension of the healthcare provider’s EHR; provides access to some not all of the information for the individual from the EHR (electronic health record)
    Example: patient portal
  • standalone: isolated application ; only contains information that the patient enters into it
  • interconnected / integrated: separate application but can interact with one or more provider EHRs
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11
Q

electronic communication challenges

ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics

A

instances when patients do not prefer email notification of test results, which is when they convey potentially bad news

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12
Q

factors that add to popularity of mobile

ch. 13: Mobile Technology

A
  • improved speed, memory, wireless connectivity and shrinking form factor (size and shape)
  • affordable
  • constantly improving features
  • phone capability, email and access to Internet
  • myriad of mobile apps for consumers and clinicians
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13
Q

mobile integration

ch. 13: Mobile Technology

A

iPad was the first tablet to make an impact in healthcare
* used for diagnosis

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14
Q

text messaging/SMS uses in mobile technology

ch. 13: Mobile Technology

A
  • appointment reminders
  • education
  • disease management
  • behavior modification
  • medication compliance
  • laboratory results notification
  • public health - immunization
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15
Q

challenges of mobile technology

ch. 13: Mobile Technology

A
  • cost
  • distraction
  • lack of quality control
  • regulatory: may need FDA clearance
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16
Q

EBM definition and triad

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

a systemic approach to clinical problem solving which allows the integration of the best available research evidence with clincal expertise and patient values

EBM Triad: the following three make up EBM
1. individual clinical expertise (school)
2. best external evidence
3. patient values & expectations

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17
Q

EBM method of answering clinical questions

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A
  1. the patient: start with the patient
  2. the question: construct a well built clinical question
  3. the resource: select the appropriate resource(s) and conduct a search
  4. the evaluation: appraise that evidence for its validity and applicability
  5. the patient: return to the patient
  6. self-evaluation: evalulate your performance

PQREPS - Pandas Quietly Read Every Patient’s Story

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18
Q

importance of EBM

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

much of what is considered the “standard of care” in every day practice has yet to be challenged and could be wrong

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19
Q

what is PICO

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

Patient : who
Intervention : what
Comparison : alternative intervention
Outcome

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20
Q

evidence pyramid

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

as you go UP the pyramid, the better the evidence but fewer published articles + more $$$$$

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21
Q

levels of evidence

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

Level 1: high quality evidence derived from consistent RCTs
Level 2: moderate quality evidence inconsistent or less methodologically strong RCTs
Level 3: low quality evidence (usually from observational studies)
Level 4: very low quality evidence from flawed observation studies, indirect evidence or expert opinion

RCT = randomized controll trial

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22
Q

common types of clinical questions

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A
  • diagnosis question
  • harm question
  • prognosis question
  • therapy question
  • cost question

Doctors Heal Patients To Care

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23
Q

barriers to CPG

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

hard to implement = people don’t want to change

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24
Q

what is Medical Imaging Informatics

ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics

A

study and application of: imaging, acquisition, storage, interpretation and sharing to improve patient care

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25
what is a PACS | Picture Archiving and Communication Systems ## Footnote ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
medical imaging technology which provides economical storage of, and convenient access to, images from multiple modalities | where image is stored
26
advantages of digital imaging system ## Footnote ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
* cost savings * storage * retrieval
27
barriers of transition to filmless radiology ## Footnote ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
extensive initial costs
28
types of digital detectors ## Footnote ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
* **computed radiography (CR)**: analog / cartridge * **digital radiography (DR)**: digital storage
29
disadvantages of PACs systems | Picture Archiving and Communication Systems ## Footnote ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
* cost * lack of interoperability with other PACS * different vendors may use different DICOM tags to label films
30
what is telehealth ## Footnote ch. 17: Telemedicine
the use of electronic information and telecommunications technologies to support long-distance clinical health care, patient and professional health-related education, public health and health administration
31
# the question of why popularity of telemedicine ## Footnote ch. 17: Telemedicine
* rising cost of healthcare worldwide * shortage of specialists in rural areas * rise in chronic diseases and aging population (the longer you live, the longer the chronic condition lasts)
32
telemedicine transmission modes ## Footnote ch. 17: Telemedicine
* **storage-and-forward**: images or videos are saved and sent later; *asynchronous communication* * **real time**: two way interactive telemonitors permit the specialist to see and talk to the patient; *back + forth synchronous communication*
33
barriers to telemedicine ## Footnote ch. 17: Telemedicine
* limited reimbursement * high initial cost * bandwidth issues
34
goal and purposes of telehealth ## Footnote ch. 17: Telemedicine
to provide timely and high quality medical care remotely
35
# definition bioinformatics ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
the field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge to form a single discipline
36
# definition transformational bioinformatics ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
specialization of bioinformatics for human health
37
# definition genomics ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
the field that analyzes genetic material from a species
38
# definition proteomics ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
the study at the level of proteins | through gene expression
39
# definition pharmacogenomics ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
the study of genetic material in relationship with drug targets
40
# definition metabolomics ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
the study of genes, proteins or metabolites
41
difference between phenotype and genotype ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
* **phenotype**: physical characteristics that are observable * **genotype**: genetic code
42
genomic primer ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
* human body has about 100 trillion cells and each one contains a complete set of genetic information * humans have a pair of 23 chromosomes * offspring inherit one pair from each parent
43
importance of bioinformatics ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
* diagnosing hereditary diseases * discovering future drugs targets * developing personalized drugs based on genetic profiles
44
what is the Human Genome Project ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
- started in 1990 and finished in 2003 mapped and sequenced the human genome
45
personal genomics ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
to have "tailor made" medications and treatments that target the individual **and not a group** having little in common with the patient
46
ethical questions related to genetic testing ## Footnote ch. 18: Bioinformatics
1. testing is not regulated 2. lacks external standards for accuracy 3. has the potential to mislead customers 4. has not demonstrated econimic viability or clinical benefits
47
examples of syndromes that are currently monitored ## Footnote ch. 19: Public Health Informatics
* **botulism-like illnesses** * **gastrointestinal symptoms** * febrile illnesses * hemorrhagic illnesses * neurological syndromes * rash associated illnesses * respiratory syndromes * shock or coma
48
clinical outcomes surveillance ## Footnote ch. 19: Public Health Informatics
- monitors clinical outcomes to study disease progression or regression in a population - analyzes the rates of and factors associated with clinical outcomes using descriptive and inferential methods
49
meaningful use and public health surveillance ## Footnote ch. 19: Public Health Informatics
send data electronically somewhere | promoting interoperability
50
what are Geographic Information Systems (GIS) ## Footnote ch. 19: Public Health Informatics
systems of hardware, software and data used for the mapping and analysis of geographic data
51
uses of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in public health ## Footnote ch. 19: Public Health Informatics
- tracking infectious diseases - public health disasters - bioterrorism - monitor chronic diseases and social & environment determinants of health for public health policy
52
skillset required of data scientists ## Footnote ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science
* programming in mulitple languages (Python, R, SQL) * mathematics and statistics * domain expertise * communication and presentation
53
cardinality ## Footnote ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science
a RDBS concept that means **uniqueness** - **1 to 1 relationship**: each row of a table relates to only one row in another table - **1 to many relationship**: each row may relate to more than one row in another table (ex: prescriptions, imaging results, etc.) | RDBS: relational database systems
54
normalization ## Footnote ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science
serves to prevent the duplication of inputed data - **first normal form**: prevents each row from having duplicate data - **second normal form**: prevents the repetition of data within a tables column - **third normal form**
55
three data analytical approaches ## Footnote ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science
1. statistical modeling 2. machine learning 3. programming language
56
scope ## Footnote group project key terms
all the functionalities, features, and requirements that the proposed product or feature should have
57
timeline ## Footnote group project key terms
a chronological schedule for your entire project
58
stakeholders/sponsors ## Footnote group project key terms
**project sponsors:** are senior members of the organization who are responsible for the project's outcome **project stakeholder:** can be investors, peers, or even customers who aren't necessarily actively involved in the project
59
vendor matrix ## Footnote group project key terms
different vendors and compare their features and what they offer
60
needs assessment ## Footnote group project key terms
what do they need in their system
61
survey questions ## Footnote group project key terms
any specific areas you need to send the survey to | questions given during needs assessment
62
project/executive summary ## Footnote group project key terms
tells what you are trying to sell
63
pimary key ## Footnote access lab key terms
unique identifier of a value and that cannot be repeated - Example: driver's license, SBU ID, SSN
64
tables ## Footnote access lab key terms
store data
65
queries ## Footnote access lab key terms
things you write to pull and extract information; data mining - bring back information by looking for *patterns*
66
reports ## Footnote access lab key terms
things you created to show data to people; a means to see information * can be printed to screen, printer or emailed
67
forms ## Footnote access lab key terms
user interface to enter data | created for people to enter data

HAN 364: informatics (2 decks)

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