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HAN 364: informatics > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Nuremberg Code

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A
  • related to the Holocaust
  • established voluntary consent and right to withdraw from experiment

came first

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2
Q

WMA Declaration of Helsinki

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A
  • WMA = World Medical Associations
  • added the right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects to the Nuremberg Code

basically the first HIPAA

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3
Q

Flesch Reading Ease test

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A

assigns a value of 1 (most difficult) to 100 (easy)

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4
Q

Know the diifferent views of ethics

view of ethics (1)

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A

ethics does not exist outside the law, and exists only for the good of a properly ordered and legal society

in other words: a society’s needs and the prevailing laws define ethical behaviour

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5
Q

Know the diifferent views of ethics

view of ethics (2)

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A

ethics is usually strongly informed by the law, society, and the prevailing culture, and are extensions of these
- in other words: there are ethical requirements that are not necessarily required by law, but what is ethical can never conflict with what is legally required

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6
Q

Know the diifferent views of ethics

view of ethics (3)

ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics

A

ethics exists entirely outside of the law and is a matter of personal conscience.

  • in other words: because ethics grows from within social practices, there is usually correspondence between ethics and the law; where there is conflict, the ethical viewpoint must always prevail
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7
Q

types of CHI applications

ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics

A
  • to inform
  • to instruct
  • to record
  • to display
  • to remind/alert
  • to guide
  • to communicate
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8
Q

examples of CHI applications

ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics

A
  • MyFitnessPal
  • FitBit
  • MapMyRun
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9
Q

telemedicine devices

ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics

A
  • digital scales
  • blood pressure monitors
  • glucose monitors
  • Nike+ shoes
  • smart water bottles

these are home devices that can measure at home and put in EMR

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10
Q

types of PHR

PHR = personal health record

ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics

A
  • tethered: extension of the healthcare provider’s EHR; provides access to some not all of the information for the individual from the EHR (electronic health record)
    Example: patient portal
  • standalone: isolated application ; only contains information that the patient enters into it
  • interconnected / integrated: separate application but can interact with one or more provider EHRs
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11
Q

electronic communication challenges

ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics

A

instances when patients do not prefer email notification of test results, which is when they convey potentially bad news

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12
Q

factors that add to popularity of mobile

ch. 13: Mobile Technology

A
  • improved speed, memory, wireless connectivity and shrinking form factor (size and shape)
  • affordable
  • constantly improving features
  • phone capability, email and access to Internet
  • myriad of mobile apps for consumers and clinicians
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13
Q

mobile integration

ch. 13: Mobile Technology

A

iPad was the first tablet to make an impact in healthcare
* used for diagnosis

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14
Q

text messaging/SMS uses in mobile technology

ch. 13: Mobile Technology

A
  • appointment reminders
  • education
  • disease management
  • behavior modification
  • medication compliance
  • laboratory results notification
  • public health - immunization
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15
Q

challenges of mobile technology

ch. 13: Mobile Technology

A
  • cost
  • distraction
  • lack of quality control
  • regulatory: may need FDA clearance
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16
Q

EBM definition and triad

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

a systemic approach to clinical problem solving which allows the integration of the best available research evidence with clincal expertise and patient values

EBM Triad: the following three make up EBM
1. individual clinical expertise (school)
2. best external evidence
3. patient values & expectations

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17
Q

EBM method of answering clinical questions

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A
  1. the patient: start with the patient
  2. the question: construct a well built clinical question
  3. the resource: select the appropriate resource(s) and conduct a search
  4. the evaluation: appraise that evidence for its validity and applicability
  5. the patient: return to the patient
  6. self-evaluation: evalulate your performance

PQREPS - Pandas Quietly Read Every Patient’s Story

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18
Q

importance of EBM

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

much of what is considered the “standard of care” in every day practice has yet to be challenged and could be wrong

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19
Q

what is PICO

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

Patient : who
Intervention : what
Comparison : alternative intervention
Outcome

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20
Q

evidence pyramid

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

as you go UP the pyramid, the better the evidence but fewer published articles + more $$$$$

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21
Q

levels of evidence

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

Level 1: high quality evidence derived from consistent RCTs
Level 2: moderate quality evidence inconsistent or less methodologically strong RCTs
Level 3: low quality evidence (usually from observational studies)
Level 4: very low quality evidence from flawed observation studies, indirect evidence or expert opinion

RCT = randomized controll trial

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22
Q

common types of clinical questions

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A
  • diagnosis question
  • harm question
  • prognosis question
  • therapy question
  • cost question

Doctors Heal Patients To Care

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23
Q

barriers to CPG

ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines

A

hard to implement = people don’t want to change

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24
Q

what is Medical Imaging Informatics

ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics

A

study and application of: imaging, acquisition, storage, interpretation and sharing to improve patient care

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25
Q

what is a PACS

Picture Archiving and Communication Systems

ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics

A

medical imaging technology which provides economical storage of, and convenient access to, images from multiple modalities

where image is stored

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26
Q

advantages of digital imaging system

ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics

A
  • cost savings
  • storage
  • retrieval
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27
Q

barriers of transition to filmless radiology

ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics

A

extensive initial costs

28
Q

types of digital detectors

ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics

A
  • computed radiography (CR): analog / cartridge
  • digital radiography (DR): digital storage
29
Q

disadvantages of PACs systems

Picture Archiving and Communication Systems

ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics

A
  • cost
  • lack of interoperability with other PACS
  • different vendors may use different DICOM tags to label films
30
Q

what is telehealth

ch. 17: Telemedicine

A

the use of electronic information and telecommunications technologies to support long-distance clinical health care, patient and professional health-related education, public health and health administration

31
Q

the question of why

popularity of telemedicine

ch. 17: Telemedicine

A
  • rising cost of healthcare worldwide
  • shortage of specialists in rural areas
  • rise in chronic diseases and aging population (the longer you live, the longer the chronic condition lasts)
32
Q

telemedicine transmission modes

ch. 17: Telemedicine

A
  • storage-and-forward: images or videos are saved and sent later; asynchronous communication
  • real time: two way interactive telemonitors permit the specialist to see and talk to the patient; back + forth synchronous communication
33
Q

barriers to telemedicine

ch. 17: Telemedicine

A
  • limited reimbursement
  • high initial cost
  • bandwidth issues
34
Q

goal and purposes of telehealth

ch. 17: Telemedicine

A

to provide timely and high quality medical care remotely

35
Q

definition

bioinformatics

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A

the field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge to form a single discipline

36
Q

definition

transformational bioinformatics

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A

specialization of bioinformatics for human health

37
Q

definition

genomics

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A

the field that analyzes genetic material from a species

38
Q

definition

proteomics

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A

the study at the level of proteins

through gene expression

39
Q

definition

pharmacogenomics

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A

the study of genetic material in relationship with drug targets

40
Q

definition

metabolomics

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A

the study of genes, proteins or metabolites

41
Q

difference between phenotype and genotype

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A
  • phenotype: physical characteristics that are observable
  • genotype: genetic code
42
Q

genomic primer

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A
  • human body has about 100 trillion cells and each one contains a complete set of genetic information
  • humans have a pair of 23 chromosomes
  • offspring inherit one pair from each parent
43
Q

importance of bioinformatics

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A
  • diagnosing hereditary diseases
  • discovering future drugs targets
  • developing personalized drugs based on genetic profiles
44
Q

what is the Human Genome Project

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A
  • started in 1990 and finished in 2003
    mapped and sequenced the human genome
45
Q

personal genomics

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A

to have “tailor made” medications and treatments that target the individual and not a group having little in common with the patient

46
Q

ethical questions related to genetic testing

ch. 18: Bioinformatics

A
  1. testing is not regulated
  2. lacks external standards for accuracy
  3. has the potential to mislead customers
  4. has not demonstrated econimic viability or clinical benefits
47
Q

examples of syndromes that are currently monitored

ch. 19: Public Health Informatics

A
  • botulism-like illnesses
  • gastrointestinal symptoms
  • febrile illnesses
  • hemorrhagic illnesses
  • neurological syndromes
  • rash associated illnesses
  • respiratory syndromes
  • shock or coma
48
Q

clinical outcomes surveillance

ch. 19: Public Health Informatics

A
  • monitors clinical outcomes to study disease progression or regression in a population
  • analyzes the rates of and factors associated with clinical outcomes using descriptive and inferential methods
49
Q

meaningful use and public health surveillance

ch. 19: Public Health Informatics

A

send data electronically somewhere

promoting interoperability

50
Q

what are Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

ch. 19: Public Health Informatics

A

systems of hardware, software and data used for the mapping and analysis of geographic data

51
Q

uses of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in public health

ch. 19: Public Health Informatics

A
  • tracking infectious diseases
  • public health disasters
  • bioterrorism
  • monitor chronic diseases and social & environment determinants of health for public health policy
52
Q

skillset required of data scientists

ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science

A
  • programming in mulitple languages (Python, R, SQL)
  • mathematics and statistics
  • domain expertise
  • communication and presentation
53
Q

cardinality

ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science

A

a RDBS concept that means uniqueness
- 1 to 1 relationship: each row of a table relates to only one row in another table
- 1 to many relationship: each row may relate to more than one row in another table (ex: prescriptions, imaging results, etc.)

RDBS: relational database systems

54
Q

normalization

ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science

A

serves to prevent the duplication of inputed data
- first normal form: prevents each row from having duplicate data
- second normal form: prevents the repetition of data within a tables column
- third normal form

55
Q

three data analytical approaches

ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science

A
  1. statistical modeling
  2. machine learning
  3. programming language
56
Q

scope

group project key terms

A

all the functionalities, features, and requirements that the proposed product or feature should have

57
Q

timeline

group project key terms

A

a chronological schedule for your entire project

58
Q

stakeholders/sponsors

group project key terms

A

project sponsors: are senior members of the organization who are responsible for the project’s outcome

project stakeholder: can be investors, peers, or even customers who aren’t necessarily actively involved in the project

59
Q

vendor matrix

group project key terms

A

different vendors and compare their features and what they offer

60
Q

needs assessment

group project key terms

A

what do they need in their system

61
Q

survey questions

group project key terms

A

any specific areas you need to send the survey to

questions given during needs assessment

62
Q

project/executive summary

group project key terms

A

tells what you are trying to sell

63
Q

pimary key

access lab key terms

A

unique identifier of a value and that cannot be repeated
- Example: driver’s license, SBU ID, SSN

64
Q

tables

access lab key terms

A

store data

65
Q

queries

access lab key terms

A

things you write to pull and extract information; data mining
- bring back information by looking for patterns

66
Q

reports

access lab key terms

A

things you created to show data to people; a means to see information
* can be printed to screen, printer or emailed

67
Q

forms

access lab key terms

A

user interface to enter data

created for people to enter data

HAN 364: informatics (2 decks)

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