Final Review Flashcards
Nuremberg Code
ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics
- related to the Holocaust
- established voluntary consent and right to withdraw from experiment
came first
WMA Declaration of Helsinki
ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics
- WMA = World Medical Associations
- added the right to privacy and confidentiality of personal information of research subjects to the Nuremberg Code
basically the first HIPAA
Flesch Reading Ease test
ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics
assigns a value of 1 (most difficult) to 100 (easy)
Know the diifferent views of ethics
view of ethics (1)
ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics
ethics does not exist outside the law, and exists only for the good of a properly ordered and legal society
in other words: a society’s needs and the prevailing laws define ethical behaviour
Know the diifferent views of ethics
view of ethics (2)
ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics
ethics is usually strongly informed by the law, society, and the prevailing culture, and are extensions of these
- in other words: there are ethical requirements that are not necessarily required by law, but what is ethical can never conflict with what is legally required
Know the diifferent views of ethics
view of ethics (3)
ch.11: Health Informatics Ethics
ethics exists entirely outside of the law and is a matter of personal conscience.
- in other words: because ethics grows from within social practices, there is usually correspondence between ethics and the law; where there is conflict, the ethical viewpoint must always prevail
types of CHI applications
ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics
- to inform
- to instruct
- to record
- to display
- to remind/alert
- to guide
- to communicate
examples of CHI applications
ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics
- MyFitnessPal
- FitBit
- MapMyRun
telemedicine devices
ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics
- digital scales
- blood pressure monitors
- glucose monitors
- Nike+ shoes
- smart water bottles
these are home devices that can measure at home and put in EMR
types of PHR
PHR = personal health record
ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics
-
tethered: extension of the healthcare provider’s EHR; provides access to some not all of the information for the individual from the EHR (electronic health record)
Example: patient portal - standalone: isolated application ; only contains information that the patient enters into it
- interconnected / integrated: separate application but can interact with one or more provider EHRs
electronic communication challenges
ch. 12: Consumer Health Informatics
instances when patients do not prefer email notification of test results, which is when they convey potentially bad news
factors that add to popularity of mobile
ch. 13: Mobile Technology
- improved speed, memory, wireless connectivity and shrinking form factor (size and shape)
- affordable
- constantly improving features
- phone capability, email and access to Internet
- myriad of mobile apps for consumers and clinicians
mobile integration
ch. 13: Mobile Technology
iPad was the first tablet to make an impact in healthcare
* used for diagnosis
text messaging/SMS uses in mobile technology
ch. 13: Mobile Technology
- appointment reminders
- education
- disease management
- behavior modification
- medication compliance
- laboratory results notification
- public health - immunization
challenges of mobile technology
ch. 13: Mobile Technology
- cost
- distraction
- lack of quality control
- regulatory: may need FDA clearance
EBM definition and triad
ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines
a systemic approach to clinical problem solving which allows the integration of the best available research evidence with clincal expertise and patient values
EBM Triad: the following three make up EBM
1. individual clinical expertise (school)
2. best external evidence
3. patient values & expectations
EBM method of answering clinical questions
ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines
- the patient: start with the patient
- the question: construct a well built clinical question
- the resource: select the appropriate resource(s) and conduct a search
- the evaluation: appraise that evidence for its validity and applicability
- the patient: return to the patient
- self-evaluation: evalulate your performance
PQREPS - Pandas Quietly Read Every Patient’s Story
importance of EBM
ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines
much of what is considered the “standard of care” in every day practice has yet to be challenged and could be wrong
what is PICO
ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines
Patient : who
Intervention : what
Comparison : alternative intervention
Outcome
evidence pyramid
ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines
as you go UP the pyramid, the better the evidence but fewer published articles + more $$$$$
levels of evidence
ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines
Level 1: high quality evidence derived from consistent RCTs
Level 2: moderate quality evidence inconsistent or less methodologically strong RCTs
Level 3: low quality evidence (usually from observational studies)
Level 4: very low quality evidence from flawed observation studies, indirect evidence or expert opinion
RCT = randomized controll trial
common types of clinical questions
ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines
- diagnosis question
- harm question
- prognosis question
- therapy question
- cost question
Doctors Heal Patients To Care
barriers to CPG
ch. 14: Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Practice Guidelines
hard to implement = people don’t want to change
what is Medical Imaging Informatics
ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
study and application of: imaging, acquisition, storage, interpretation and sharing to improve patient care
what is a PACS
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems
ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
medical imaging technology which provides economical storage of, and convenient access to, images from multiple modalities
where image is stored
advantages of digital imaging system
ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
- cost savings
- storage
- retrieval
barriers of transition to filmless radiology
ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
extensive initial costs
types of digital detectors
ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
- computed radiography (CR): analog / cartridge
- digital radiography (DR): digital storage
disadvantages of PACs systems
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems
ch. 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
- cost
- lack of interoperability with other PACS
- different vendors may use different DICOM tags to label films
what is telehealth
ch. 17: Telemedicine
the use of electronic information and telecommunications technologies to support long-distance clinical health care, patient and professional health-related education, public health and health administration
the question of why
popularity of telemedicine
ch. 17: Telemedicine
- rising cost of healthcare worldwide
- shortage of specialists in rural areas
- rise in chronic diseases and aging population (the longer you live, the longer the chronic condition lasts)
telemedicine transmission modes
ch. 17: Telemedicine
- storage-and-forward: images or videos are saved and sent later; asynchronous communication
- real time: two way interactive telemonitors permit the specialist to see and talk to the patient; back + forth synchronous communication
barriers to telemedicine
ch. 17: Telemedicine
- limited reimbursement
- high initial cost
- bandwidth issues
goal and purposes of telehealth
ch. 17: Telemedicine
to provide timely and high quality medical care remotely
definition
bioinformatics
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
the field of science in which biology, computer science, and information technology merge to form a single discipline
definition
transformational bioinformatics
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
specialization of bioinformatics for human health
definition
genomics
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
the field that analyzes genetic material from a species
definition
proteomics
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
the study at the level of proteins
through gene expression
definition
pharmacogenomics
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
the study of genetic material in relationship with drug targets
definition
metabolomics
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
the study of genes, proteins or metabolites
difference between phenotype and genotype
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
- phenotype: physical characteristics that are observable
- genotype: genetic code
genomic primer
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
- human body has about 100 trillion cells and each one contains a complete set of genetic information
- humans have a pair of 23 chromosomes
- offspring inherit one pair from each parent
importance of bioinformatics
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
- diagnosing hereditary diseases
- discovering future drugs targets
- developing personalized drugs based on genetic profiles
what is the Human Genome Project
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
- started in 1990 and finished in 2003
mapped and sequenced the human genome
personal genomics
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
to have “tailor made” medications and treatments that target the individual and not a group having little in common with the patient
ethical questions related to genetic testing
ch. 18: Bioinformatics
- testing is not regulated
- lacks external standards for accuracy
- has the potential to mislead customers
- has not demonstrated econimic viability or clinical benefits
examples of syndromes that are currently monitored
ch. 19: Public Health Informatics
- botulism-like illnesses
- gastrointestinal symptoms
- febrile illnesses
- hemorrhagic illnesses
- neurological syndromes
- rash associated illnesses
- respiratory syndromes
- shock or coma
clinical outcomes surveillance
ch. 19: Public Health Informatics
- monitors clinical outcomes to study disease progression or regression in a population
- analyzes the rates of and factors associated with clinical outcomes using descriptive and inferential methods
meaningful use and public health surveillance
ch. 19: Public Health Informatics
send data electronically somewhere
promoting interoperability
what are Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
ch. 19: Public Health Informatics
systems of hardware, software and data used for the mapping and analysis of geographic data
uses of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in public health
ch. 19: Public Health Informatics
- tracking infectious diseases
- public health disasters
- bioterrorism
- monitor chronic diseases and social & environment determinants of health for public health policy
skillset required of data scientists
ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science
- programming in mulitple languages (Python, R, SQL)
- mathematics and statistics
- domain expertise
- communication and presentation
cardinality
ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science
a RDBS concept that means uniqueness
- 1 to 1 relationship: each row of a table relates to only one row in another table
- 1 to many relationship: each row may relate to more than one row in another table (ex: prescriptions, imaging results, etc.)
RDBS: relational database systems
normalization
ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science
serves to prevent the duplication of inputed data
- first normal form: prevents each row from having duplicate data
- second normal form: prevents the repetition of data within a tables column
- third normal form
three data analytical approaches
ch. 22: Introduction to Data Science
- statistical modeling
- machine learning
- programming language
scope
group project key terms
all the functionalities, features, and requirements that the proposed product or feature should have
timeline
group project key terms
a chronological schedule for your entire project
stakeholders/sponsors
group project key terms
project sponsors: are senior members of the organization who are responsible for the project’s outcome
project stakeholder: can be investors, peers, or even customers who aren’t necessarily actively involved in the project
vendor matrix
group project key terms
different vendors and compare their features and what they offer
needs assessment
group project key terms
what do they need in their system
survey questions
group project key terms
any specific areas you need to send the survey to
questions given during needs assessment
project/executive summary
group project key terms
tells what you are trying to sell
pimary key
access lab key terms
unique identifier of a value and that cannot be repeated
- Example: driver’s license, SBU ID, SSN
tables
access lab key terms
store data
queries
access lab key terms
things you write to pull and extract information; data mining
- bring back information by looking for patterns
reports
access lab key terms
things you created to show data to people; a means to see information
* can be printed to screen, printer or emailed
forms
access lab key terms
user interface to enter data
created for people to enter data
