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Biology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is science and what is its goal?

A

Science is an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world. An investigation of the world around us.

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2
Q

What is the difference between observation and inference?

A

An observation is the act of noticing and describing events- made by using the five senses- seeing, smelling, hearing, tasting, and touching
An inference is a logical interpretation based on what scientists already know- often based off observations

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2
Q

How do scientists develop a hypothesis?

A

They use their observations and inferences to form a hypothesis.

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3
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

A

An experiment in which only one variable is changed.

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4
Q

What steps are used to design a good experiment?

A

observing and asking questions
inferring and forming a hypothesis
designing controlled experiments

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5
Q

What is a theory?

A

a well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations.

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6
Q

List the characteristics of living things

A 
based on a universal code
grow and develop
 respond to their environment
reproduce
maintain a stable internal environment
obtain and use material energy
are made up of cells
evolve
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7
Q

What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual- two parents

Asexual- one parent

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8
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

relatively constant internal, physical, and chemical conditions that organisms maintain

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9
Q

What measurement system do most scientists use?

A

The metric system

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10
Q

What are the three subatomic particles of an atom?

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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11
Q

What is an isotope?

A

an element that has a differing number of neutrons. It has the same number of protons and electrons but has a different mass.

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12
Q

What are the two main types of chemical bonds?

A

ionic & covalent

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13
Q

What is the difference between adhesion and cohesion.

A

Cohesion- an attraction of molecules to the same substance

Adhesion- an attraction between molecules of different substances

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14
Q

Why are water molecules polar?

A

the oxygen takes the hydrogens’ electrons, making an uneven distribution of electrons

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15
Q

Why are water molecules attracted to one another?

A

They are polar

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16
Q

What does pH measure?

A

The concentration of H+ ions in a solution

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17
Q

What is polymerization? Which classes of macromolecules are synthesized in this matter?

A

The process of many monomers attaching to each other to form polymers. Proteins, carbohydrates

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18
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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19
Q

What is a catalyst and how does it work?

A

a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the a reaction’s activation energy.

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20
Q

How is the active site of an enzyme and binding of its substrate like a “lock and key”?

A

The enzyme site is the lock. It needs a specific substrate (the key) to cause it to change shape

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21
Q

What factors influence enzyme activity?

A

Temperature

pH

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22
Q

Define seven levels of the biosphere and indicate how you fit into each level.

A

Species- group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Students

Population- a group of individuals that belong to the same species and life in the same area
Keith

Community- An assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area
Rockford

Ecosystem- All the organisms that life in a place, together with their physical environment
Illinois

Biome- a group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms
North America

Biosphere- Our entire planet, with all its organisms and physical environments
Earth

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23
Q

What are biotic and abiotic factors?

A

Biotic- living or once living things

Abiotic- Non living things

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24
Q

What is a primary producer? What is another name for them?

A

An organism that uses solar or chemical energy to produce “food”.

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25
Q

What do autotrophs do during photosynthesis?

A

Uses solar or chemical energy to produce “food” by assembling inorganic compounds into complex organic molecules.

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26
Q

What are consumers? What is another name for them?

A

Organisms that ingest other organisms as energy.

Heterotrophs

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27
Q

6 different types of heterotrophs? Examples?

A

Herbivores- plant eaters
Giraffe

Carnivores- meat eaters
Lion

Omnivores- eat both plants and animals
Bear

Detritivores- Feed on detritus particles
Worm

Decomposers- “feed” by chemically breaking down organic matter
Fungi

Scavengers- Consume te caracasses of other animals
Vulture

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28
Q

How does a food chain aim differ from a food web?

A

A food chain implies that each creature eats only one other organism. A food web is made of many food chains.

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29
Q

What is an ecological pyramid?

A

A pyramid that shows the relative amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a given food chain/web.

30
Q

Identify 3 types of ecological pyramids and describe what they show

A

Energy- the relative amount of energy in each trophic level
Biomass- the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level
Number- relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level

31
Q

What is the 10% rule? Page 77 of book

A

Through each trophic level, only 10% of energy from the level before is transferred.

32
Q

How does water cycle through the biosphere?

A

water falls to Earth as precipitation
Becomes groundwater or runs into rivers, lakes, or oceans
Water goes through transpiration or evaporation

33
Q

What are the 3 nutrient cycles discussed in class? Know details

A

Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus

34
Q

What is a limiting nutrient? How can such a nutrient be a limiting factor in an ecosystem?

A

A nutrient whose supply limits productivity.

Nothing can work without this nutrient

35
Q

What is a niche? How is it different from a habitat?

A

the role an organism plays in its habitat.

A habitat is the general place where an organism lives, while a niche is a specific role the organism plays.

36
Q

Describe the role that competition plays in shaping communities.

A

Species fight over resources

37
Q

Define competitive exclusion.

A

The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy exactly the same nce in exactly the same habitat at exactly the same time. If there were two species in the same niche, one species would eventually become better at competing for limited resources, leaving the other species with nothing.

38
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

a single species whose population sometimes changes.

39
Q

What is symbiosis? Name 3 major types

A

Symbiosis is any relationship in which two species live closely together.

Mutualism- Positive Positive
Parasitism- Positive Negative
Commensalism- Positive Neutral

40
Q

What is a pioneer species?

A

The first species to colonize barren areas.

41
Q

Describe characteristics of the major land biomes.

A 
Tropical Rain Forest 
Tropical Dry Forest 
Tropical Grassland/Savanna/Shrubland low grasses 
Desert dry low precipitation plants hold water cold at night hot in day
Temperate Grassland 
Temperate Woodland and Shrubland
Temperate Forest
Northwestern Coniferous Forest
Boreal Forest/Taiga
 Tundra- Temperature: cold Permafrost
42
Q

Describe the 3 water zones in an aquatic ecosystem

A

The Photic Zone- The sunlit region near the surface in which photosynthesis can occur. 200 meters

The Aphotic Zone- The region below the photic zone where photosynthesis cannot occur.

The Benthic Zone- The region where benthos, or aquatic organisms that live on or in rocks and sediments on the bottoms of lakes, streams, and oceans, live.

43
Q

What is an estuary and why are they so important?

A

the region where a river meets an ocean. They contain mixtures of freshwater and saltwater and are affected by the rise and fall of ocean tides.

They serve as spawning and nursery grounds for many important fish and shellfish.

44
Q

What factors affect population growth?

A

Birth rate
Death rate
Immigration
Emigration

45
Q

Exponential growth

A

the larger a population gets, the faster it grows. J-shaped curve. One pair gives birth to 3 pairs who each give birth to 3 pairs etc.

46
Q

Logistic growth

A

occurs when a population’s growth slows then stops, following a period of exponential growth. S-shaped curve.

47
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support.

48
Q

List 3 density dependent factors

A

Competition
Predation
Stress from overcrowding

49
Q

What is a density independent factor?

A

Density-independent factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size and density.

50
Q

How has human population changed over time?

A

The human population has drastically increased over time.

51
Q

What are age structure diagrams and how are they useful in predicting future population trends?

A

Diagrams that show population growth by age group
They can help show how steady a growth rate is and predict when the population will double. They tell whether a population is increasing, decreasing, or is stable.

52
Q

What is cell theory?

A

The theory that cells make up the fundamental structure of all living organisms.
All cells come from preexisting cells
Cells are the basic unit of life

53
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes- Contains DNA in cytoplasm (no nucleus), simple, small, first
Eukaryotes- Contains DNA in nucleus, complex, specialized

54
Q

What structures do all cells have?

A

Ribosomes, DNA, cell membrane, cytoplasm

55
Q

What are the main functions of the cell membrane and cell wall?

A

To support, protect, and shape the cell. (cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell)

56
Q

What does it mean that a cell has a “lipid bilayer”?

A

Cell membranes are made of lipid bilayers, which give the cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings.

57
Q

Why are cell membranes described as a mosaic of different molecules?

A

It is made up of many different molecules (3 of the 4 macromolecules) that all piece together to form the lipid bilayer.

58
Q

4 major classes of macromolecules

Structure and function

A

Lipids-
Proteins-
Carbohydrates-
Nucleic Acid -

59
Q

What structures do plant cells have that animals do not?

A

Chloroplasts

Cell wall

60
Q

Solute

A

Thing being dissolved

61
Q

Diffusion

A

the movement of many substances across the cell membrane

62
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion specified to water

63
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Aided diffusion (protein channels)

64
Q

Active transport

A

the movement of materials against a concentration difference. Uses energy.

65
Q

Passive process

A

Does not use energy

66
Q

What is equilibrium? Do molecules stop moving?

A

Equilibrium- the point at which the concentration of a substance is equal on both sides of the cell membrane. Movement does not stop when equilibrium is reached.

67
Q

Solvent

A

Thing doing dissolving

68
Q

Solution

A

Solute dissolved in solvent

69
Q

Iso, Hypo, Hyper

A

Isotonic- the same amount of solute on both sides
Hypertonic- More of a solute on one side
Hypotonic- Less of a solute on one side
ALL TERMS ARE COMPARISONS

70
Q

What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis- Engulfment of food

Pinocytosis- Engulfment of water

71
Q

What is cell specialization?

A

Different cells have different jobs

72
Q

What are the 4 levels of organization in multicellular organisms? Simple to complex.

A

Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system

Biology (5 decks)

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