final review Flashcards
Any solution that resists changes in pH because it contains a weak acid and one of its basic salts or a weak base and one of its acidic salts is called
a buffer
an atom losing electrons
oxidized
an atom gaining electrons
reduced
Reactions in which electrons are transferred be-tween atoms are
redox reactions
A substance that conducts electricity through the movement of ions is
an electrolyte
Electrolytic cells can also be used to form a thin
coating of metal on an object by electrolysis – may be done for protection of the underlying metal or simply for decoration
electroplating
electrochemical cell in which a chemical reaction produces electricity–
voltaic cell
a current producing electrochemical cell that can be recharged with electricity from outside current source – non-rechargeable electrochemical cell in which a chemical reaction occurs
storage cell
an electrochemical cell that is designed to have the reactants continually replenished from an outside source - electrochemical cell that produces electricity and has the reactants continually replenished from an outside source
fuel cell
study of chemistry of living things
biochemistry
the simplest of the carbohydrates
sugars
what are sugars with only one ring of carbon atoms
monosaccharide
important monosaccharide produced in plants
glucose
the process that produces glucose in plants
photosynthesis
polysaccharide in plant cell walls
cellulose
characterized by insolubility in water
lipids
major nutrient characterized by producing energy for the cell
carbohydrates
compounds contains the blueprint for the cell
nucleic acids
structures for building and maintaining the living cells
protein
the building block of protein
amino acids
kind of bonds that link amino acids together to form protein
peptide bonds
the shape of DNA
double helix
a segment of DNA containing code for a specific substance task or characteristic
gene
the process by which the body produces and uses energy from food
metabolism
the energy carrier of the cell
ATP
the latin phrase that means out of nothing
ex nihilo
five things created at the beginning
space, time, matter, energy, life
the book written by darwin about evolution
the origin of species
the idea that the present is the key to the past
uniformitarianism
wrote a book proposing the idea of uniformitarianism
charles lyell
idea that god used evolution to create everything that we see
theistic evolution
the merging of experiments discovering that genetic traits are passed down to one’s children and Darwin’s ideas of natural selection
neo-darwinism
nothing is knowable outside of the natural world
secular humanism
idea that life arose from a chemical reaction in the ocean
abiogenesis (life from non-life)
the most commonly accepted view of the matter and origin of the universe
big bang
the study of science as it relates to the origins of the universe and of life with God as it’s creator
creation science
the book written by henry morris and john whitcomb that inspired creation science
the genesis flood
process by which dna is copied for the purpose of a new cell being formed
replication
a random change in dna
mutation
most important principle showing there had to have been an act of creation
2nd law of thermodynamics (the universe is running down)
system that allows a bat to locate its surroundings
echolocation
defined as the study of compounds containing carbon, whether or not the compounds were formed by living things
organic chemistry
Many organic compounds contain only hydrogen
and carbon; these compounds are collectively called
hydrocarbons
electrons shared by two or more atoms
delocalized electrons
a hydrocarbon
chain replaces the hydrogen atom of a carboxyl group in what functional group
ester
–OH group
hydroxyl
An organic compound with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced with an –OH group is called
alcohol
a salt containing a carboxylate ion (an anion formed by removing the hydrogen atom from a carboxylic acid’s carboxyl group)
soap
organic compounds similar to soaps but capable of cleaning even in hard water.
detergent
common polysaccharides used for food storage are
starches
is simply a huge organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules
polymer
full name for origin of species (this isn’t technically a term but he brought it up and then told us he brought it up in review so it might be a good bonus)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
formula for density
ρ = m/V
density = mass divided by volume
formula for work
work = force × distance
W= Fd
formula for pressure
pressure = force / area
P= F/A
The force exerted per unit of area
(formula) boil’s law
P1V1 = P2V2
(formula) Charles’ law
V1 V2
__ = __
T1 T2
(formula) Amonton’s law
P1 P2
____ = ____
T1 T2
for the record for all the gas laws the numbers are supposed to be sunscripts, but the chromebook doesn’t do that
speed of wave formula
v = λ f
speed of wave=wavelength x frequency
formula for ohm’s law
V = IR
current= voltage over resistance
means change in
delta
very weak ac-ids that typically have pungent odors.
carboxylic acids
functional group –COOH, found in carboxylic acids
carboxylic group
The orderly process by which scientists investigate the secrets of nature is called
scientific method
steps of the scientific method
observing (gathering facts), hypothesizing (suggesting explanations), and experimenting (testing explanations)
law of cause and effect. According to this law, events observed in the universe have rational causes; the same cause will always have the same effect because the universe is rational
principle of causality
the study of reasoning
logic
the conclusion does logically follow from its premises; but one of the premises includes the assumption that the conclusion is true.
circular reasoning
occurs when someone attacks the person making an argument instead of challenging the person’s facts, premises, or reasoning
ad hominem fallacy
a model of the design (or some part of the design) that is used for testing.
prototype
study of the inorganic world
physical science
the ability to do work
energy
takes place when two or more substances unite or break apart chemically.
chemical change
the study of interactions between matter and energy.
physics
the science of quantity
“language of science”
mathematics
the most important part of an equation
equal sign
a collection of compatible, related units that can be used to measure such quantities as length, mass, weight, or volume.
system of measurement
a modification of the metric system with meticulously defined standards for all units
SI system
coldest possible temperature, and the temperature at which molecular vibration ceases.
absolute zero
These more recent contributions, including quantum mechanics, relativity, solid-state physics, and particle physics, fall under the category
modern physics
has both magnitude and direction
vector quantity
can be defined mathematically as the change in position (displacement) divided by time:
velocity
which states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
third law of motion
the velocity of an object does not change unless the object is acted upon by an external force
newton’s first law of motion
the object reaches a velocity at which the magnitude of drag equals the object’s weight
terminal velocity
devices for doing work,
machines
the rate of doing work, or work per unit time.
power
Atoms or molecules of the same substance are
held together by an attraction called
cohesion
experience attraction to molecules of other substances
adhesion
used to multiply force in barber chairs, automobile brakes, service station lifts, airtight reservoir of a liquid (usually water or oil) opening into two cylinders of different diameters fitted with movable pistons
hydraulic press
(an empty space with no matter)
vacuum
an upward force exerted by a fluid on a solid object (such as your body) placed in the fluid
buoyancy
energy of motion
kinetic energy
is an attractive force be-tween all material objects; any object that has mass exerts a gravitational force that pulls nearby objects toward itself. -weakest of the four fundamental forces
gravitational force
affects only objects with an electric charge- second strongest fundamental force
electromagnetic force
The strongest fundamental force acts only within
the nuclei of atoms;
strong nuclear force
the transfer of thermal energy from an
object of higher temperature to an object of lower temperature
heat
a method in which heat flows between objects in contact
conduction
the portion of the universe being studied
system
states that the energy gained or lost by a system is equal to the energy gained or lost by its surroundings
first law of thermodynamics
the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
evaporation
change from a solid to a liquid
melting
the change from a solid into a gas
sublimation
periodic back and forth motion that transmits energy
wave
number of waves that pass a point in a given unit of time
frequency
the length of time for a wave to pass a point
period
inverse of frequency
period
change in corse of a wave as a result of a collision with an object or boundry
reflection
vibrations travelling through a medium in a form of longitudional pressure waves
sound
change in frequency caused by an objects motion
doppler effect
study of sound
acoustic
a series of organized sound waves with specific pitches that have been deliberately arranged,
music
what book did newton write about light
opticks
what kind of wave is light
electromagnetic wave
semicircular arc of colored bands in the sky
rainbow
An arrangement of all forms of electromagnetic
radiation in order of frequency and wavelength
electromagnetic spectrum
electromagnetic waves with the most energy
gamma rays
what is the speed of light
3.00 x 10 to the 8th meters per second
who developed the theory of relativity
einstein
the study of the nature and behavior and uses of static electricity and related phenomina
electrostaics
an atom or object with an equal number of protons and electrons
neutral
states that opposite charges attract and like charges repel
law of electric charges
lines that map out an electric field
lines of force
flow of charge from place to place
current
material through which electricity flows easily
conductor
amount an object hinders electron flow
resistance
circuit through which current can’t flow
open circuit
automatic switch that opens the circuit when current flowing through it exceeds a predetermined amount
circuit breaker
occurs when the light rays from a
distant object are refracted by heated air so that the object appears to be nearby
mirage
that all natural processes tend to increase entropy
second law of thermodynamics
a measure of the amount of disorder in the system
entropy
a device designed to measure the heat involved in physical and chemical changes
calorimeter
a device that automatically regulates temperature
thermostat
the transfer of energy as radiant energy, transfers heat without matter.
radiation
regions of concentrated magnetism
poles
which states that unlike poles attract each other, but like poles repel each other
law of magnetic poles
that indicate the direction of and strength of the magnetic field
lines of flux
the most important cause of magnetism in magnetic materials – produces magnetic field around electron.
electron spin
a navigational device consisting of a magnet free to swing horizontally so that it always points north
magnetic compass
and imaginary line that circles Earth
halfway between the two magnetic poles. Here the lines of flux are horizontal
equator
The most common electrostatic generator in use today
Van de Graaff generator
electric charge always moves where on a charged object
outside
converts electricity to back-and-forth motion
solenoid
an electrical switch operated by an electromagnet
relay
the most important device for converting electricity into motion is
electric motor
a container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power.
battery
. The ability of magnetism to convert mechanical motion into electric current is
electromagnetic induction
, a device that produces static electricity
generator
a device that increases or decreases the voltage of alternating current using electromagnetic induction
transformer
a branch of the study of electricity that deals with the behavior and motion of electrons in a vacuum or in semiconductors.
electronics
a material that is neither a good conductor nor a good insulator
semiconductor
a semiconductor device that can per-form the same functions as a vacuum-tube triode, such as acting as a “switch” and amplifying weak signals
transistor
(commonly called chips); a device, consisting of a single piece of semiconductor containing an entire electronic circuit,
integrated circuit
in society, one of the farthest-reaching products of electronics is a device that processes information using electronic circuits.
computer
why are integrated circuits better?
they are cheaper, smaller, and more reliable
or pieces of information, (in a computer)
data
modern digital
computers represent data using? ; based on powers of 2.
binary number system
The actual physical components of the computer
are the
computer’s hardware
The “brain” of the
computer is
(Central Processing Unit) CPU
controls all the other systems of the computer, performs calculations, and executes the commands needed to accomplish specific tasks.
CPU
a circuit board that connects all the computers components
motherboard
a single piece of software that directs a computer to do a task
program
the largest computer network
internet
organized study of the composition and interactions of matter
chemistry
developed the atomic theory of matter
Dalton
dense central core of an atom
nucleus
positive subatomic particle of an atom
proton
the negative subatomic particle
electron
subatomic particle that carries no charge
neutron
an atom or molecule with an overall charge
ion
we can either know the position or the velocity of an electron but not both
heisenburg uncertainty principle
regions in which you’re likely to find an electron
orbital
states that no two electron in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers
pauli-exclusion principle
KNOW BALANCING
the length of time for half of a substance to decay into a new substance
half-life
form of radioactive decay is also a form of electromagnetic wave with the highest amount of energy
gamma
the process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two nuclei and releases energy
nuclear fission
type of reactor that produces more nuclear fuel than it uses
breeder reactor
the type of radioactive decay in which it causes the nucleus to increase by one
beta decay
type of radioactive decay that decreases by two
alpha decay
combining two nuclei to produce a heavier nucleus
nuclear fusion
states that most atoms contain 8 valence electrons
octet rule
group 17 has how many valence electrons
7
basic constituent of all living things
carbon
groups of two or more atoms linked by chemical bonds
molecules
kind of bonding formed from a transfer of electrons
ionic
kind of bonding formed from a sharing of electrons
covalent
electrons shared by 3 or more atoms
delocalized electrons
type of intermolecular force is the weakest
london
type of intermolecular force is the strongest
hydrogen bond
affects polar molecules
dipole - dipole
affects all molecules
london force
substance doing the dissolving
solvent
substance being dissolved
solute
avagadros number – mole
6.022 times 10 to the 23
one way diffusion through a semipermiable membrane
osmosis
the total mass of the products are equal to the total mass of the reactants
law of conservation of mass
A + BC -> B+ AC
single-displacement
know the others as well
chemical reaction that releases thermal energy
exothermic reaction
type of reaction that can be made to go backwards
reversible
when the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate
chemical equilibrium
chemical reaction that absorbs thermal energy
endothermic
substance that does not produce hydrogen or hydroxide when dissolved in water
salt
what type of acids or bases associate 100 %
strong
has a ph of 4
acidic
unit of energy
joule
unit of length
meter
unit of time
seconds
unit of mass
kilogram
unit of pressure
pascal
unit of volume
liter
unit of force
newton
unit of voltage
volt
unit of current
amp
unit of charge
coulumb
unit of resistance
ohm
unit of temperature (gas laws)
Kelvin
a device that allows for a controlled chain reaction
nuclear reactor
