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Syntax > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Which word class is most likely to express evidentiality?

A

Verb

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2
Q

What is the semantic role of the stick in the following sentence:
The stick was used to crack open the can.

A

Instrument

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3
Q

What do we call a verb that does not inflect for all the normal verbal
categories?

A

Non-finite

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4
Q

What do we call a dependent that is optional and not selected by
the head?

A

Adjunct

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5
Q

What do we call a clause that may have other clauses embedded
within it, but is not itself embedded in any other clause? (Three
possible answers, point for each one)

A

Root-independent/main

*not matrix

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6
Q

What do we we call it when two clauses are conjoined, but neither is
subordinate to the other

A

coordination

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7
Q

What is the order of head and dependent in the following example?
What is the locus of marking?
liga-i ‘eirau
hand-POSS 1DU.EXCL
‘our hand(s)’

A

head-initial and head-marking

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8
Q

What do we call it when a sentence has more than one possible
constituency structure?

A

structural/syntactic ambiguity

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9
Q

Identify as many multi-word constituents as you can in the following sentence:

The boy started running with the scissors.

A

The boy
Started running with the scissors
Running with the scissors
With the scissors
The scissors
The boy started running with the scissors

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10
Q

What broad kind of constituency test is exemplified by the following
sentences:
I watched the plane take off. vs. It was the plane that I watched take off.

A

cleft or movement/displacement

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11
Q

According to the textbook, what word class other than verb can be
transitive or intransitive?

A

preposition/adposition

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12
Q

Give me an example of an intransitive preposition (not a phrasal verb).

A

he walked up

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13
Q

How are grammatical relations marked in the following English
sentence? (multiple points possible)
She misses me.

A

Word/constituent order
Indexing/agreement (head marking)
Case marking (dependent marking)

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14
Q

What term refers to head-marking at the clause level?

A

indexing

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15
Q

What are the two most common clausal constituent orders?

A

SOV & SVO

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16
Q

What is the name for the alignment of a language in which some S
arguments are expressed the same as A, but others are expressed the
same as P?

A

agent-patient alignment

17
Q

What morphosyntactic alignment is represented by the following:
A = P =/= S

A

Horizontal alignment

18
Q

In an ergative-absolutive language, which case marks the A?

A

Ergative

19
Q

Consider the following sentence:
[The ?ger followed the duck] and [got lost]
If the duck got lost, what kind of pivot does the language have?

A

absolutive

20
Q

What valency-changing operation adds a new P argument?

A

applicative

21
Q

What valency-changing operations can turn an Ergative argument into
an Absolutive argument? (multiple points possible)

A

antipassive & causative

22
Q

How does English generally form causatives?

A

lexically

23
Q

What do we call the syntactic operation that demotes an S but does not
promote any other argument to S?

A

impersonal construction

24
Q

Why do we have valency-changing operations? (multiple points
possible)

A

To (de-)emphasize a participant
For information structure
To ”feed” other syntactic operations

25
Q

What do we call the (empty) original position of a constituent that has
(allegedly) undergone movement?

A

gap

26
Q

Name as many English interrogative pronouns as you can.

A

Who What When Where Why How

27
Q

Give me an English sentence with a wh-word in situ.

A

You did what?

28
Q

What position is relativized in the following sentence:
I used to see him in the store that Wal-mart is cheaper than.

A

object of comparison

29
Q

Give me the full Accessibility Hierarchy in order.

A

Subject
Direct object
Object of adposition
Possessor
Object of comparison

30
Q

Which article that we read showed that syntactic phenomena can be
subject to sociolinguistic variation?

A

Upadhyay/Gender agreement in Nepal

31
Q

What were the two types of frequency in the Bybee & Thompson
article?

A

Token and type

32
Q

Cross-linguistically, which patient-like argument in a ditransitive is more likely to be animate and definite?

A

Recipient (R)

33
Q

What do we call a phrase whose meaning is not compositional (i.e., not composed of the meanings of the words)?

A

idiom

34
Q

Consider the following sentences:
I wash myself.
*Myself wash me.
What term do generative approaches use to describe this asymmetry which refers to the relative positions of the arguments in a syntactic tree?

A

C-command

Syntax (12 decks)

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