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Exercise Physiology > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the muscle changes for cardio athletes? Cardio changes?

A
  • predominantly type 1 fibers and shifting type 2 to type 1, increase mitochondria amount
  • system improves/becomes more efficient, natural HR decreases, performance HR increases
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2
Q

What are the muscle changes for power athletes? Cardio changes?

A
  • type 2 fiber dominant and actively changing type 1 to type 2, less mitochondria in exchange for glycogen storage
  • L ventricular hypertrophy to withstand the pressure that the athlete puts on it, BP and pulse don’t change much
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3
Q

Practice fiber types table!!

A

write out on whiteboard

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4
Q

How many fibers are in each type of fiber type? What is the contractile speed of the two types?

A
  • type 1 - <300 fibers, 110 ms
  • type 2 - >300 fibers, 50 ms
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5
Q

Practice 10 steps of muscle contraction!!

A

write out of whiteboard

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6
Q

Electrical gradient change

A
  • occurs at every synaptic cleft
  • -70, -55(threshold, triggers all or nothing principal), 30, -90, -70
  • all or nothing principal - when reaching the -55 mv the muscle fiber will fully contract, or not at all
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7
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

reflex response that is sensitive to tension in the tendons, inhibits AP to the muscles, causes 0% contraction/complete relaxation

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8
Q

Muscle spindles

A

reflex response that is sensitive to length and stretch of muscles, directly stimulates the muscle causing 100% contraction

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9
Q

How is a muscle spindle dominant athlete better than a normal athlete?

A

muscle spindle reflex triggers 100% contraction, and you on your own can only perform 80%
- muscle spindle athlete is 25% faster and stronger than a normal athlete

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10
Q

What is the basic contractile unit of a muscle? What is its boundary?

A
  • sarcomere
  • Z-disk
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11
Q

What are the 3 protein strands of a muscle? What are they made of?

A
  • actin: actin, troponin, tropomyosin
  • myosin: myosin and globular heads
  • titin: titin
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12
Q

Length tension relationship

A
  • Optimal sarcomere length equals optimal overlap, if too short or too stretched, little or not force develops
  • The more the sarcomere overlaps, the stronger the muscle is, maximum strength is at 50%
  • Not optimal after this b/c more than 50% will hit the z-disk
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13
Q

Force velocity relationship

A
  • Concentric: maximal force development decreases at higher speeds, in order to create velocity, you must give up force
  • The more myosin cross bridges you have, the less velocity you have, but the more force you have
  • The less myosin cross bridges you have, the more velocity you have, but the less force you have
  • Eccentric: maximal force development increases at higher speeds
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14
Q

Respiration vs. Ventilation

A
  • cellular exchange of gases
  • mechanical movement of air
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15
Q

How do we move air?

A
  • pressure, air will move to the area of lower pressure
  • contracting and relaxing the diaphragm is the main factor of creating pressure
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16
Q

How does altitude affect air movement?

A
  • pressure at high altitudes is higher, but O2 is not any less available
  • compensate by using accessory muscles for breathing, to create more pressure
17
Q

What is the strongest stimulus for breathing?

A
  • CO2 levels/hypoxic drive - amount of CO2 in blood
18
Q

Study the energy system table!!

A

write out on whiteboard

19
Q

What are the substrates for each of the energy systems?
What is the recovery time for each?

A
  • ATPPCR - 5 minutes, creatine
  • Anaerobic - 2-3 minutes, glucose
  • Aerobic - 30 sec to 1 minute, glucose
  • Beta oxidation - no recovery time, FFAs
20
Q

How many calories per gram for each micro? What about alcohol?

A
  • carbs: 4.1 kcal/g
  • fats: 9.4 kcal/g
  • protein: 4.1 kcal/g
  • alcohol: 7 kcal/g
21
Q

Which of the micros isn’t really a substrate? Why?

A
  • protein
  • body utilizes it for other resources than energy, like making cells
22
Q

What is the female athlete triad?

A

eating disorders lead to menstrual disorders lead to bone disorders

23
Q

What is the normal pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

24
Q

Where does body heat come from?

A

metabolic processes, catabolism mainly
- 75% of body heat comes from this

25
Q

What are the adaptations to sweat for athletes acclimatized to head?

A
  • sweat earlier, less electrolytes, and more
26
Q

Sympathetic

A
  • raises HR, BP, dilates pupils, increases RR, moves more blood to muscles
    -Triggered by epi/adrenaline
27
Q

Parasympathetic

A
  • Parasympathetic does opp. of sympathetic, puts you in the rest and digest phase
  • Triggered by vagal nerve no. 10
28
Q

Power vs. strength

A
  • power: fast strength, how fast can you pick the heavy thing up, total workload/time of workload
  • strength: how much you can pick up, total workload, slower than power

Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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