Final Review Flashcards
What are the muscle changes for cardio athletes? Cardio changes?
- predominantly type 1 fibers and shifting type 2 to type 1, increase mitochondria amount
- system improves/becomes more efficient, natural HR decreases, performance HR increases
What are the muscle changes for power athletes? Cardio changes?
- type 2 fiber dominant and actively changing type 1 to type 2, less mitochondria in exchange for glycogen storage
- L ventricular hypertrophy to withstand the pressure that the athlete puts on it, BP and pulse don’t change much
Practice fiber types table!!
write out on whiteboard
How many fibers are in each type of fiber type? What is the contractile speed of the two types?
- type 1 - <300 fibers, 110 ms
- type 2 - >300 fibers, 50 ms
Practice 10 steps of muscle contraction!!
write out of whiteboard
Electrical gradient change
- occurs at every synaptic cleft
- -70, -55(threshold, triggers all or nothing principal), 30, -90, -70
- all or nothing principal - when reaching the -55 mv the muscle fiber will fully contract, or not at all
Golgi tendon organs
reflex response that is sensitive to tension in the tendons, inhibits AP to the muscles, causes 0% contraction/complete relaxation
Muscle spindles
reflex response that is sensitive to length and stretch of muscles, directly stimulates the muscle causing 100% contraction
How is a muscle spindle dominant athlete better than a normal athlete?
muscle spindle reflex triggers 100% contraction, and you on your own can only perform 80%
- muscle spindle athlete is 25% faster and stronger than a normal athlete
What is the basic contractile unit of a muscle? What is its boundary?
- sarcomere
- Z-disk
What are the 3 protein strands of a muscle? What are they made of?
- actin: actin, troponin, tropomyosin
- myosin: myosin and globular heads
- titin: titin
Length tension relationship
- Optimal sarcomere length equals optimal overlap, if too short or too stretched, little or not force develops
- The more the sarcomere overlaps, the stronger the muscle is, maximum strength is at 50%
- Not optimal after this b/c more than 50% will hit the z-disk
Force velocity relationship
- Concentric: maximal force development decreases at higher speeds, in order to create velocity, you must give up force
- The more myosin cross bridges you have, the less velocity you have, but the more force you have
- The less myosin cross bridges you have, the more velocity you have, but the less force you have
- Eccentric: maximal force development increases at higher speeds
Respiration vs. Ventilation
- cellular exchange of gases
- mechanical movement of air
How do we move air?
- pressure, air will move to the area of lower pressure
- contracting and relaxing the diaphragm is the main factor of creating pressure
How does altitude affect air movement?
- pressure at high altitudes is higher, but O2 is not any less available
- compensate by using accessory muscles for breathing, to create more pressure
What is the strongest stimulus for breathing?
- CO2 levels/hypoxic drive - amount of CO2 in blood
Study the energy system table!!
write out on whiteboard
What are the substrates for each of the energy systems?
What is the recovery time for each?
- ATPPCR - 5 minutes, creatine
- Anaerobic - 2-3 minutes, glucose
- Aerobic - 30 sec to 1 minute, glucose
- Beta oxidation - no recovery time, FFAs
How many calories per gram for each micro? What about alcohol?
- carbs: 4.1 kcal/g
- fats: 9.4 kcal/g
- protein: 4.1 kcal/g
- alcohol: 7 kcal/g
Which of the micros isn’t really a substrate? Why?
- protein
- body utilizes it for other resources than energy, like making cells
What is the female athlete triad?
eating disorders lead to menstrual disorders lead to bone disorders
What is the normal pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
Where does body heat come from?
metabolic processes, catabolism mainly
- 75% of body heat comes from this
What are the adaptations to sweat for athletes acclimatized to head?
- sweat earlier, less electrolytes, and more
Sympathetic
- raises HR, BP, dilates pupils, increases RR, moves more blood to muscles
-Triggered by epi/adrenaline
Parasympathetic
- Parasympathetic does opp. of sympathetic, puts you in the rest and digest phase
- Triggered by vagal nerve no. 10
Power vs. strength
- power: fast strength, how fast can you pick the heavy thing up, total workload/time of workload
- strength: how much you can pick up, total workload, slower than power
