Exam 2 Review Flashcards
What are the electrical gradient changes that cause an action potential?
-55, -70, 30, -90, -70
What system is in charge of sending signals from your brain to your muscles? What system transmits signals to your brain?
- efferent system
- afferent system
What is the circuit for blood through the heart?
- Deoxygenated blood: enters the heart through the vena cava -> RA -> tricuspid valve -> RV -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs
- Oxygenated blood: lungs -> pulmonary veins -> LA -> mitral valve -> LV -> aortic valve -> aorta
How does blood move through the arteries?
by the heart beating, and secondarily due to the arteries themselves b/c they can also contract a bit
How does blood move through the veins?
skeletal muscles, and one-way valves that prevent the backflow
What do each of the waves of an EKG mean?
- P wave: atrial depolarization/contraction
- QRS complex: ventricular depolarization/contraction
- ST segment: ventricular repolarization/relaxation
- T wave: ventricular repolarization/relaxation
- PR interval: AV delay
What is the order of electrical signals going through the heart?
- SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
What are the rates of each electrical point of the heart?
- SA node: 60-100 bpm
- AV node: 40-60
- bundle of His: 25-40
- Purkinje fibers: 25-40
What branch of the nervous system is your upper system? What branch does the opposite?
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
Golgi tendon organs
- reflex response
- are sensitive to tension in the tendon
- inhibits APs to the muscles, causes 0% contraction/complete relaxation
Muscle spindles
- reflex response
- sensitive to muscle length and rate of change
- directly stimulate the muscle, cause 100% contraction/full contraction
Anterior pituitary gland
releases growth hormone
- stimulates muscle growth, builds tissues and organs, anabolic hormone, stimulates fat metabolism
Thyroid gland
T3 and T4
- metabolic rates of all tissues, protein synthesis, glucose uptake by cells
Adrenal gland
Epinephrine and cortisol
- epi is the main hormone in the sympathetic system
- cortisol is the stress hormone that stimulates gluconeogenesis
Kidneys
target for ADH, and secrete EPO and renin
- EPO (erythropoietin) promotes production of RBS, increasing the amount of O2 that can be carried, but can also thicken the blood
Pancreas
insulin and glucagon
- insulin: lowers blood sugar, moves it from the blood to the muscles
- glucagon: raises blood sugar, moves it from the muscles to the blood
What is the BMI formula?
What are each of the BMI classifications?
- kg/m^2
- Underweight: less than 18.5
- Normal weight: 18.5-24.9
- Overweight: 25-29.9
- Obese: 30+
- Obese 2: 35+
- Morbidly obese: 40+
What is the female athlete triad?
eating disorders lead to menstrual disorders lead to bone disorders
What is the recommended macronutrient balance for each macronutrient?
- carb: 55-60% of daily kilocals
- fat: <35% of daily kilocals
- protein: 10-15% of daily kilocals
What is the carb and protein intake based on body weight?
- 1.2-1.7 g/kg protein
- for power is 2.2 g/kg protein
- 3-12 g/kg carb
How many calories per gram for each macro?
- carbs: 4.1 kcal/g
- fats: 9.4 kcal/g
- protein: 4.1 kcal/g
What is the most important amino acid for building muscle?
Leucine, causes hypertrophy
What is an antioxidant?
kills free radicals in the body, which are chemicals with negative charges that are looking to connect to things and mutate
- essentially results in cancer
What is vitamin C’s main function?
providing nutrients for Krebs cycle, essentially allows you to have more energy/ATP
How many liters of blood do you have? Male and Female.
- male: 5-6 L
- female: 4-5 L
What is the basic concept of carb loading?
- 6-4 days before event: normal CHO
- 3-1 days before event: high/double CHO diet
- causes glycogen stores in muscle to double
- on event day, you’ll have an avg. 4,000 calories stored
