final review Flashcards
where is the top of the IR for an esophagram
2 inches above shoulder, mouth level
where is the CR for UGI images
L1, 2” above lower rib margin
what contrast is given if suspected abdominal perforation / recent intestinal surgery
water soluble - gastrografin
inner layer of the stomach contains folds called
rugae
the first portion of the small intestine
duodenum
on an LPO UGI - where is the barium in the stomach
fundus
on a RAO UGI - where is the barium in the stomach
pylorus , lower body
the 4 body habitus in order from smallest to largest
asthenic, hyposthenic, sthenic , hypersthenic
what body habitus is the highest % of the population
sthenic
shortest & widest section of the small intestine
duodenum
longest section of the duodenum
ileum
the pouches in the large intestine are called?
haustra
what is the haustra held together by
teni coli
when is a small bowel exam complete
when barium passes the ileocecal valve (sphincter)
what is the maximum height that a BE bag should hang
24 inches
what is it called where the small intestine ends and the large intestine begins
ileocecal valve
for the BE AP axial projection , where is the CR , how much angle & direction , what does it demonstrate
CR 2” below ASIS, 30-40 degrees cephalic , looking at the sigmoid
for a BE lateral projection , where is the CR , what does it demonstrate
CR @ ASIS , rectum is demonstrated
what do the RPO & LPO projections demonstrate for a BE ?
side up, splenic flexure
on a left lateral decubitus BE where is the barium
lateral half of descending colon
what is the prep for a small bowel and BE
NPO 8 hrs , no smoking / chewing gum , low residue diet
what filters the blood
glomerulus
what is the opening on the medial border of a kidney
hilum
what supplies blood to the glomerulus
afferent arterioles
what is the CR for AP IVU
iliac crest
how much is the patient rotated for AP obliques IVP
30 degrees
what is the breathing for IVU images
expiration
are scout images done for IVU
yes - to see if they prepped and/or stones
what is it called when fluid is injected into tissues instead of a vein
infiltration
what could be a common and and anaphylactic reaction
anxiety & passing out
define cystogram
examination of urinary bladder
where is the CR for AP bladder
2” above symphysis pubis
retrograde technique is used to visualize what anatomy
bladder , lower ureters , urethra
* nonfunctional
which contrast , ionic or nonionic, is more expensive
nonionic
what contrast has more reactions from patients
ionic
is the same amount of contrast used if ionic or nonionic
yes
what houses the pituitary gland
sella turcica
what bones articulate with the perpendicular plate
frontal , & sphenoid
the breathing instructions for skull radiographs
suspend
for a PA skull what line is perpendicular to the IR
OML
where are the petrous ridges on a PA
fill orbits
where are the petrous ridges on a caldwell
lower 1/3
where is the CR for a PA
exits nasion
CR for caldwell?
exits nasion
what is the tube angle for caldwell
15 degrees caudal
what is in the foramen magnum on a towne
dorsum sellae & posterior clinoid process
if you your patient cannot achieve a perpendicular OML , what can be done
IOML , 37 degree caudal
what line is perpendicular to the IR for the Towne
OML
CR & angle for an AP axial towne
2.5” above glabella , 30 degrees caudal
what bones form the hard palate
maxilla & palatine
largest movable facial bone
mandible
largest immovable facial bone
maxilla
body position for sinus images
upright, to demonstrate air - fluid levels
CR for waters , what touches IR?
acanthion, chin
what touches IR for caldwell
nose & forehead
what sinus projection demonstrates all 4 sinuses
lateral
where are the ethmoid sinuses in relation to the maxillary sinuses on a lateral projection
superior
what projection best demonstrates a blowout fracture of the orbits
modified waters
what is the membrane around the lungs
pleura
inner layer of lungs, outer ?
inner - visceral
outer - parietal
why is a chest x-ray done upright
prevent distortion of the heart , allows for deeper inspiration
pronation
palm down
supination
palm up
retroperitoneal structures
kidneys , ureters , adrenal glands , pancreas
what organ functions in both digestive and respiratory systems
pharynx
for a lateral projection of the digits , what side is down for each?
1,2,3 digit - lateral side down
4&5 - medial side down
CR for thumb
MCP
most superior process of the ulna
olecranon process
how can you reduce OID for PA wrist
flex the fingers
how is the hand positioned for AP humerus
supinate hand
how is the hand positioned for a lateral humerus
flex elbow, posterior side of hand on hip
the only bony connection between shoulder girdle & the bony thorax
SC joint
CR for foot
base of 3rd metatarsal
what aspect of the patella is superior
the base
the apex on the patella is _____
inferior
is the knee joint superior or inferior to the base of the patella
inferior
what bones articulate with the head of the femur , collectively known as ?
- pubis , ilium , ischium
- acetabulum
how are the feet and legs positioned for AP pelvis
internally rotated
internally rotating the feet for an AP pelvis places the long axis of the femoral neck ________ to the IR
parallel
what forms the costotransverse joint
transverse process of T spine , & tubercle of rib
what does the L spine oblique projection demonstrate
Z joints - superior & inferior articulating process
CR angle and direction for AP sacrum
15 degrees cephalic , between symphysis pubis & ASIS
what projection would best demonstrate the right axillary portion of the ribs
RPO
what ribs does the AP projection best demonstrate
posterior ribs
during an UGI what position might the patient be placed in, to check for hiatal hernia
trendelenburg
the _____ suture is made up of the frontal and parietal bones
coronal suture
what bone has the sella turcica
sphenoid
what term describes the junction of the two nasal bones
the nasion
how many facial bones make up the bony orbit
4
what bone is the perpendicular plate on
ethmoid
the gallbladder is located in the __________ margin of the liver
posterioinferior
which structure in the pharynx prevents aspiration of food and fluid into the larynx
epiglottis
the esophagus extends from C5- C6 to
T11
are vitamins digested
no
the esophagus is located ________ to the larynx
posterior
a patient comes to radiology with possible diverticulosis, what study is most diagnostic for detecting this condition
double contrast barium enema
what drug can be added to the barium sulfate mixture to minimize intestinal spasms during a barium enema
lidocaine
the structural and functional unit of the kidney is
nephron
what term describes the act of voiding under voluntary control
urination
the ureters enter the ________ aspect of the bladder
posteriolateral
what modality may be used to examine a possible cranial bleed caused by trauma
CT
achalasia is generally defined as
motor disorder of the esophagus
what is a bezoar
a mass of undigested material
during an upper GI series , the halo sign appears in the duodenum, what condition will produce this radiographic sign
an ulcer
in which quadrant is the liver located in the sthenic patient
RUQ
the union of the left and right hepatic ducts form which duct
common hepatic duct
the primary purpose of the membranous fold located within the cystic duct
prevents distension or collapse of cystic duct
the condition of having gallstones
cholelithiasis
which is not a salivary gland
vallecula
what structure does not pass through the diaphragm
trachea
where is cholecystokinin produced
duodenum
gastritis is defined as inflammation of the
stomach
what defines stomach indentation between the body through pylorus
angular notch
average kidney size / length
4-5 inches
CR nephrotomogram kidney
midway between iliac crest & xiphoid process
T/F: all reactions regardless of their severity must be documented
true
the uterus lie on the _______ surface of each psoas muscle
anterior
which bone is involved with the tripod fracture
zygomatic
which sinuses are best demonstrated with a parietoacanthial projection
maxillary
the left mastoid fontanel becomes what in an adult
left asterion
another term for laxative
cathartic
a patient comes to the Rad department with a clinical history of meckels diverticulum , which imaging modality is most often performed for this condition
nuc med
Which positioning line should be perpendicular to the image receptor for the parieto-orbital oblique (Rhese method) projections for optic foramina?
AML
What type of CR angulation should be used for a PA axial projection of the mandible?
20-25 degrees cephalad
The pathway of communication between the frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid sinuses that provides drainage between them is termed:
osteomeatal complex.
Which auditory ossicle attaches to the oval window?
stapes
A patient comes to radiology with severe mastoiditis. Which one of the following imaging modalities will best demonstrate possible bony destruction within the mastoid region
CT
What is the total capacity of the average adult bladder
350-500 mL
The renal veins connect directly to the
inferior vena cava
A loss of consciousness caused by reduced cerebral blood flow is termed:
syncope
How high should the tourniquet be placed above the puncture site
3-4”
A patient comes to radiology for an IVU. During the procedure, the radiologist suspects nephroptosis. Which of the following positions best demonstrates this condition?
erect
A patient comes to radiology for an IVU. His laboratory report indicates a creatinine level of 0.7 mg/dL. What should be the technologist’s next step
proceed with the study
Excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to the fluid intake is the general definition for:
oliguria
