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SOC 1001 > final review > Flashcards

final review Flashcards

1
Q

What is a caste

A

a type of social organization/hierarchy in which a person’s occupation and position in life is determined by the circumstances of his birth

Rigid, hereditary membership into birth caste
Marriage only among member of same caste
Occupation choices restricted
Personal contact with other castes restricted
Acceptance of fixed place in society

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2
Q

What is social stratification by class?

A

Lower class: the working class, the working poor, and the underclass
Middle class: lower, upper, can change according to how people see it. Overall: “comfort”
Upper class: elite

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3
Q

What is the functionalist perspective on social stratification?

A

davis-moore thesis (which argued that the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward)

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4
Q

What is the marxist perspective on social stratification?

A

owners/non owners, conflict. Erik Olin Wright

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5
Q

What is the symbolic interactionist perspective on social stratification?

A

people’s appearance reflect their perceived class, interactions create class relations

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6
Q

Why are the elite important?

A

often tell us a lot about how a country is structured, despite social change the elite have always been present, first the sociology of elites is gaining and losing momentum; the elite has resilience

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7
Q

How is the power in the US distributed?

A

Most powerful: the top corporate, military, and political leaders
Second most powerful: congress, other legislators, interest group leaders, local opinion leaders
Third: the masses of people, unorganized, exploited, and mostly disinterested

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8
Q

Some other examples of how power is distributed in other countries?

A

South Africa: In the days of apartheid, from 1950 to 1990, a small group of white Afrikaners ruled the country
Some Gulf countries: Ethnocratic systems-your ethnicity determines your citizenships and your rights
Egypt: military elite

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9
Q

What are the paradoxes of global inequalities?

A

systems less closed, language of diversity, empowerment of racial, religious, and ethnic minorities as well as women BUT growing inequalities

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10
Q

How to explain resilience of elite (mills and khan)?

A

Mills: top of three institutions (corporate executive, political leaders, military commanders) have power and strive to maintain it
Khan: cultural aspects (what allows them to maintain their position?)
“Challenging the elite empowers the elite”- the elite had the opportunity to reinvent itself under criticism and got out stronger and more resilient

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11
Q

Snob vs omnivore

A

Opera, fine cuisine, literature, tailored clothes, travelling to exotic places
World music, street style, adventure

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12
Q

What is functionalist approach on global inequalities?

A

some nations are better than others at adapting to new technologies and profiting from a globalized economy, and that when core nation companies locate in peripheral nations, they expand the local economy and benefit the workers

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13
Q

Conflict theory on global inequalities?

A

creation and reproduction of inequality. Core nations exploit the resources of peripheral nations

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14
Q

Symbolic interaction on global inequalities?

A

meanings individuals attach to global stratification, and the subjective nature of poverty. How someone in the core defines as poverty (relative poverty: unable to live the lifestyle of the average person in your country; when households receive 50% less than average household incomes, mechanism of exclusion: less internet and access to jobs, can’t pay for education, lack of decent housing, limited food/clothing options) vs someone living in a peripheral nation (absolute poverty: being barely able or unable to afford basic necessities)

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15
Q

What is the world systems theory?

A

Wallerstein (dependency theory): countries at the core, periphery and semi periphery. Marxist influence (workers/proletarians relationship at Nation’s level)
International migration has little to do with wage rates or employment differentials between states; it is linked to the structure of the work market that has developed since the 16th century
Owners of big corporation enter poor countries for raw material, labor, consumers. Corrupt elite, destroy systems- migration as choice for farmers (loss of land, irrelevance)
Cultural imperialism: workers move to former colonizers
International migration is therefore the direct/natural result of capitalist market formation in the developing world. The international flow of labor follows the international flows of good but in the opposite direction

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16
Q

What is feminization of poverty?

A

wage differences, female-headed households (migrant workers, illness/death, unmarried mothers, lack of safety nets in societies that are transitional between traditional structures and modern norms, continuing cycles of poverty with children who will lack basic educational needs, overall vulnerability), informal employment, domestic violence, lower access to education and healthcare, patriarchal structures, household chores inequality

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17
Q

How is the health in low income countries?

A

Inadequate health facilities
No proper sanitation, drink polluted water, greater chance for contracting infectious diseases
Malnourishment, hunger and starvation, physical weakness, susceptibility to diseases
People are most likely to die in infancy
Children die from illnesses treatable in high income countries

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18
Q

How is education in low income countries?

A

Access to education is not universal
Does not translate into work-social unrest
Gender imbalance in terms of access to education
Brain drain: the migration of educated persons from one country to another. Primary external brain drain occurs when human resources leave their country to go work overseas in developed countries such as Europe, North America, and Australia
Child labor

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19
Q

What is gender?

A

Gender refers to behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to being female or male
No necessary correspondence between sex and gender

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20
Q

What is sex?

A

is a biological assignment based on socially agreed upon criteria and the sex category is the kind of sex we attribute to someone based on socially required cues

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21
Q

What is sex category?

A

Sex category is where people are placed and dictates how they should do gender

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22
Q

Functionalism on gender?

A

See gender differences as contributing to society stability and integration (natural differences)
Women are expressive and men are instrumental
The stabilization of adult personalities means emotional security is achieved within a marital relationship between two adults

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23
Q

Conflict theorist on gender?

A

Conflict between genders (parallel with bourgeoisie and proletariat)
Still quite essentialist
Patriarchy and capitalism are linked
Home is place for inequalities
Radical feminism

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24
Q

Symbolic interactionist on gender?

A

Gender is not who we are, but what we do, an accomplishment

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25
Q

Zimmerman and West on gender?

A

argued that gender is something that humans created. As humans, we have categorized and defined many aspects of life. If someone was not in favor of their gender role or did something that was not deemed “correct” for that gender this person would be committing an act of social deviance.
Studied gender using the angle of daily accomplishments
Used ethnomethodology (look at social cues which people use to determine sex or social class when interacting with someone for the first time)
Gender is a process and an interaction; fluid and dynamic

26
Q

Sylvia Walby: dual systems feminism?

A

Looks at capitalism- patriarchy link through six structures
Production relations in the household
Paid work
Patriarchal state
Male violence
Patriarchal relations in sexuality
Patriarchal cultural institutions

27
Q

What is passing?

A

The fact of being accepted or representing oneself successfully as a member of a different group
Individual choice: cross-dressing, drag-queens, trans
Collective decision: passing occurs in specific environments, with a specific purpose. Little choice of passer who either is coerced to pass or fulfill a specific social function: interactions with divine

28
Q

When, why, and how to cross boundaries?

A

In some societies, it is a question of personal choice
Easier when gender identity is seen as a social construct
In some societies, passing is accepted in ritualized situations or to perform certain social functions

29
Q

Who are Bacha Posh?

A

For generations, girls pass as boys in Afghanistan in order to bring honor to their families, escape social criticism and bring much needed economic support
Often, children are not referred to either boy or girl but as Bacha posh (“dressed as boy”)
Return to womanhood when woman enters puberty, parents make the decision

30
Q

Who are Hijra?

A

hijra are eunuchs, intersex people, or transgender people who live in communities that follow a kinship system known as guru-chela system

31
Q

What are other interactions that represent and create gender?

A

In division of labor: “female flight attendants are more easily classified as “really” females than other females are” (essential femininity)
In socialization
In sex and sexuality: need to identify the other in binary, heterosexualism to be ready to engage in romantic/sexual relations
Lesbians as females who are not feminine

32
Q

Garfinkel and case of Agnes?

A

“The more general point here is that we are not simply born men or women; we also learn and routinely use the common place practices that allow us to pass for men and women”
Agnes: need to learn to be a woman (her problem was not so much living up to some prototype of essential femininity but preserving her categorization as female. This task was made easy for her by a very powerful resource: process of commonsense categorization in everyday life

33
Q

Feminism?

A

1st wave: suffrage, women’s right to own property and have control over children
2nd wave: equal pay, equal opportunities at work, legal abortion, fight against male violence
Transgender politics; allows women to seek to be feminine if they choose to express themselves politically, culturally, sexually, diversity

34
Q

What is liberal feminism and criticisms?

A

Concerns itself mainly with equality in the public sphere
Discrimination prevents women from having equal opportunities
Stresses that women and men are equally endowed with reason and intelligence
Want changes to take place within existing structure
Try to eradicate sexism from children’s books and media
BUT: encourages women to be more like men, emphasizes public life at the expense of private life, mostly based on middle class educated women

35
Q

What is difference feminism and criticisms?

A

Emphasize differences between women and men
Arose in 1980s in efforts to revalue qualities traditionally devalued as “feminine”
Romanticize traditional femininity and to reinforce conventional stereotypes
BUT: essentialist, fails to take into account that women and men across classes and cultures hold many different perspectives and values

36
Q

What is radical feminism and criticisms?

A

Blames the exploitation of women on men
Patriarchy: the systematic domination of women by men for which men are responsible and from which they benefit
Domestic violence, sexualized violence, sexual objectification
Radical-libertarian: possible for gender differences to be eradicated or at least greatly reduced and aim for a state of androgyny in which men and women are not significantly different
Radical-cultural: superiority of feminine; celebrate characteristics associated with femininity such as emotion, and are hospital to those characteristics associated with masculinity such as hierarchy
Separatism: women only communes, and matrifocal households. Some also practice political Lesbianism and political celibacy as they view heterosexual relationships as “sleeping with the enemy”
BUT: tends to portray women as universally good and men as universally bad

37
Q

What is socialist feminism?

A

Draws upon marxist analyses of capitalism to analyze gender relationships
Based on private property: capitalism intensifies men’s control over women to ensure that inheritance is father to son
Women’s unpaid domestic labor reduces employers costs in this regard

38
Q

What is marxist feminism and criticisms?

A

Capitalism rather than patriarchy is the principal source of women’s oppression, and capitalists as the main beneficiaries
Women’s subordination plays a number of important functions for capitalism
Women reproduce the labor force for free
Women absorb anger-women keep the husbands going
Ideological conditioning: it teaches the ideas that the capitalist class require for their future workers to be passive
Disadvantaged position of women is a consequence of the emergence of private property and their lack of ownership of the means of production
In communist society, marxist feminists believe that gender inequalities will disappear
BUT: ignores other sources of inequality such as sexual violence, patriarchal systems existed before capitalism, in tribal societies, the experience of women has not been happy under communism

39
Q

What is black feminism?

A

Criticizes other feminism for generalizing from a white, often middle class experience
Racism as powerful a feature in black women’s lives as patriarchy
Family is a target for white feminist but point of solidarity against racism for black women
Consider the interplay between class, race and gender

40
Q

What is postmodern feminism and criticisms?

A

Do not see women as a single homogenous group
Criticized preceding feminist theory for claiming a ‘false universality’, essentialist, being a part of masculinist enlightenment project
Concerned with language and the relationship between power and knowledge rather than ‘politics and opportunities’
They share the position of being the ‘other’ of men
BUT: too abstract (women are still oppressed by objective social structures- namely patriarchy), dividing women sub-groups weakens the movement for change

41
Q

What is race?

A

Socially important and biologically insignificant
Historically often more cultural and political
Social construction of race

42
Q

What is racism?

A

Ideological racism is an ideology that considers a group’s physical characteristics to be causally related to inferiority or superiority

43
Q

Historical account of racism?

A

Creation of difference always existed: barbarians, slaves, outsiders
“Race” is a recent concept that took meaning with modernity and the emergence of science
Imperialism and globalization; european explorers need a way to make themselves superior
Problems with scientific racism: fact that it became scientific and linked to biological explanations made race rigid; with boundaries impossible to cross, hard to challenge

44
Q

Marxism on racism?

A

opposed to slavery, criticism of colonialism for pure profit; but also established hierarchies between societies

45
Q

Symbolic interactionism on racism?

A

ethnie in status; social constructionist, caste and ethnies are created, constructed, not natural. However, still a bit ethnocentric, as sees Europe as point of departure.

46
Q

Functionalist on racism?

A

organic/mechanical societies, primitive
Founding father were eurocentric, fine with hierarchies

47
Q

Other schools of thought on racism?

A

Chicago school: race is a social construct
Boas: anthropology had to get away from physical preoccupation and look toward cultural
Cultural relativism: not hierarchies, cultural practices need to be taken in context
Post WWII: retreat of scientific racism, 1950, UNESCO conference

48
Q

What is ethnicity?

A

Refers to the cultural beliefs and practices of a particular community of people and is social
Typically based on common language, culture or ancestry
Ethnicity learned and not “natural”

49
Q

Ideologies on ethnicity?

A

Primordialism vs instrumentalism
Main identification
Identification as needed
Essentialism vs Constructivism
Essential to individuals
Historically constructed
Ethnicity or interethnic relations
Ethnicity can be “racialized”

50
Q

How are race and ethnicity constructed, utilized for political outcomes?

A

Racial politics or race politics is the use of race, as a human categorization or hierarchical identifier, in political discourse, campaigns, or within the societal and cultural climate created by such practice

51
Q

What is the role of institutions (censuses), stereotypes, etc.

A

Institutional stereotypes may hold promise as complementary heuristics in citizen judgments of trust in hazard-managing organizations when they lack motivation or opportunity for situation-specific information; their effects when controlling for the latter (e.g. salient value similarity) remain to be tested.

52
Q

Omi and winant on race?

A

Omi and Winant define “racial formation” as “the process by which social, economic and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories, and by which they are in turn shaped by racial meanings”.

53
Q

Historical background on migratory movement?

A

Migration always been a major force around the world: trade in individuals (slaves, indentured workers)
Changed of meaning when Nation-states were born and when borders were rigidified. Westphalia
At one point emigration was to be controlled
More recently, immigration. Freedom of movement and leaving one country, reentering it. Not entering any country
“Traditional countries of migration” welcomed foreigners
1945 European countries needed labor
1980 southern european countries became receiving countries
Many countries of emigration became countries of immigration

54
Q

What is the neoclassical immigration theory and criticisms?

A

Each migrant rational human being choosing optimum combination of wage rates, job security, and costs of travel
Differentials on wages and employment conditions between countries and on migrant costs, individual decision to maximize income. International movement does not occur in absence of differences in earnings/and or employment rates between states. Migration occurs until expected earnings have been equalized internationally
BUT: narrow and a-historical, evidence from around the world does not support this

55
Q

What is the new economics of migration?

A

Migration decisions are not made by isolated individuals but by larger units of related people-typically families or households, people act collectively to maximize expected income
Larger strategy: while some families can be assigned economic activities in the local economy, others may be sent to work in foreign labor markets. In event that local conditions deteriorate, household can rely on migrant remittances for support

56
Q

What is dual labor?

A

Structural requirements of industrial economies, not individual or family based decisions
Motivational problems: migrants have a goal to pay for something, disjuncture between living standards in developed and less developed countries
Demography of labor supply
Immigrants hold jobs of lower wages, governments are not influencing those factors. It is the interests of many to have immigrants filling lower wage jobs, and it answers a structural necessity
To that can be added the fact that migrants may break unions

57
Q

What is network theory?

A

When migration starts, it triggers networks that encourage more migration
Kinship, friendship, social capital, decline costs and risks
With all networks, migration operates with the creation of social capital. Incentive on decision making, facilitation to migrate and local integration

58
Q

What institutional theory?

A

Groups and institutions benefit from and encourage migration: ranges from humanitarian organizations to smugglers, individuals organizing marriages, credit, facilitating lodging
Migration industry: sector of people who help to facilitate migration- brokers to promote migration from South East Asia to the Gulf

59
Q

Five elements of refugee definition?

A

Outside the country of nationality/former habitual residence
Well-founded fear
Persecution
Grounds (race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion)
Unable or unwilling to seek that country’s protection or to return there

60
Q

who defines refugee status?

A

States: primarily responsibility, most important: non-refoulement
UNHCR: international protection, seeks permanent solutions
In countries not signatory of convention
In countries where state that cannot for different reasons be sole responsible for refugee determination

61
Q

Advantages of being a refugee?

A

Non-refoulement: under the international human rights principle, a country cannot deport an alien in any manner to a territory where his or her life or freedom would be threatened on account of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or political opinion
Protection against threats
Assistance to cover basic physical and material needs
Freedom of movement
Access to adequate education reunification with close family members

62
Q

durable solutions for refugees?

A

Voluntary repatriation: refugees voluntarily return in safety and with dignity to their country of origin
Local integration: a process which ultimately leads to the permanent settlement of refugees in the country where they sought asylum
Resettlement: refugees are transferred from the country of asylum to a third state willing to admit them on a permanent basis

SOC 1001 (8 decks)

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