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History 30 > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Where did the Vikings land and where did they cross?

A

Landed in Newfoundland. Crossed the Atlantic Ocean.

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2
Q

Cabot Significance

A

Rediscovered Canada.

Discovered fish which brought Europeans over.

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3
Q

Jacques Cartier Significance

A

Discovers the St. Lawrence River - This would become the heart of Canada, vital to transport, trade, and the economy.
Claims New France

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4
Q

St. Croix Island Significance.

A

Defined the Eastern border.
The start of the FN life changes.
Europeans were now here to stay.

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5
Q

Champlain significance.

A

Settled New France.
Began the fur trade.
Brough guns over which would change warfare.
Good relations with the FN.

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6
Q

Filles Du Roi (During the fur trade) significance.

A

Meant to populate Canada because Canada’s population was falling behind the USA.

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7
Q

What are some of Canada’s most important battles?

A

Detroit. Plains of Abraham. Vimy Ridge.

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8
Q

Acadia - Significance.

A

They were the first true Canadians.
First settlement in Nova Scotia, expelled by the British.
Now in New Brunswick.

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9
Q

What is the only bilingual province?

A

New Brunswick.

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10
Q

Plains of Abraham - story and significance.

A

Wolfe - British general. His victory meant that Canada would become English dominated.
Montcalm - French general. His defeat meant that Canada would become English dominated.

Canada became English at this battle.

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11
Q

Who was Pontiac? What is his significance?

A

He believed that the British wanted to destroy them (like in America). He convinced the great Lakes Nations to follow him in his quest by convincing them that Britain was a greater threat.

Britain responded by sending blankets and other resources infected with smallpox.

Pontiac’s actions would lead to the Royal Proclamation. He is the reason they have treaty and land rights.

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12
Q

Points of the Royal Proclamation.

A

New France becomes the Province of Quebec.
Any lands not purchased or ceded to are reserved by Indians.
Settlement was prohibited west of the Appalachian Mountains. It was reserved as “Indian Territory”.

This proclamation accidentally led to Canada becoming multicultural. It is why First Nations have land rights today.
The Royal Proclamation is in the 1982 Charter.

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13
Q

Quebec Act

A

French language, culture, and religion (Catholicism) were guaranteed.

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14
Q

1775 invasions.

A

Foreshadowed the War of 1812.

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15
Q

Mackinaw.

A

First battle in the War of 1812.

We attacked first and learned of the US fear of Indian massacre.

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16
Q

Dearborn.

A

Fear of Indian massacre is made a reality.

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17
Q

Detroit.

A

False letters sent (“…we only need 5000 more men…”). Marching around forest (running around back, marching in front). War cries in forest.

USA surrendered after some cannonballs were fired.

Weapons and ammunitions were seized that made winning the war possible.

Convinces Canada that we can win the war.

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18
Q

Queenston Heights

A

Brock dies. His death was used as ‘fuel’ to win the battle.

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19
Q

Beaver Dams.

A

Laura Secord - Risks her life to warn Fitzgibbons and the Bloody Boys of the American ambush.

We were able to set up an ambush to their ambush.

The Bloody Boys (who were trained by the First Nations) protected Canada from American outlaws.

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20
Q

Chateguay

A

Canadian fought victory (including FN), other battles were largely led by the British. Only battle fought in Quebec.

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21
Q

Who was Tecumseh?

A

He united First Nations and convinces them to help in the war. Agreed to help in the war in exchange for a First Nations’ Nation. When he died, his dream died with him.

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22
Q

Road to Government Timeline. (Rebellions to Gov)

A

1837 Rebellions (fight for all men to vote). Lafontaine and Baldwin. Rebellion Losses Bill, Montreal Riots, Governor Elgin stands up for Responsible Government. McNab resigned. Ottawa becomes the capital. Military services act. Brown Crosses floor. Charlottetown conference. Quebec conference.

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23
Q

How did Ottawa become the capital of Canada?

A

Governor General though of the idea. John A decided to have the idea be “the Queen’s idea”. Neither the Conservatives nor the Liberals were happy with the decision.

Showed that John A did what he thought was best for the country.

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24
Q

Military services act - John A.

A

John A tried to pass this act knowing that it was unpopular and would lead to his loss of power. He did what he thought was best for the country.

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25
Q

Brown Crosses Floor.

A

This made confederation possible. John A and Brown had a deal, they would try Confederation and if it failed then Brown would lead.

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26
Q

Charlottetown conference.

A

$15000 champagne.

This conference was meant to bring the Maritimes to the real conference.

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27
Q

Quebec Conference.

A 
72 resolutions (2/3rds written by John A).  BNA act (first constitution of Canada).
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec unified.
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28
Q

What was the last province to join Canada? Last territory?

A

Last province was Newfoundland. Last territory was Nunavut (which is also the only FN territory).

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29
Q

Cartier significance.

A

John A’s conscious. Helped him to stay focused, not just hate Brown.
Got Quebec Act in the constitution.

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30
Q

Brown significance.

A

Crosses floor.

Got Rep by Pop in the Constitution.

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31
Q

Anne significance.

A

Changed Brown’s views of the French.

Pushed Brown back into politics.

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32
Q

Alexander Galt significance.

A

Came up with the idea for the confederation.

Convinced the Maritimes that Confederation was economically wise.

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33
Q

Tilley

A

New Brunswick. Gave Canada it’s motto and name (The Dominion of Canada).

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34
Q

Tupper

A

Nova Scotia.

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35
Q

What did John A want for Canada (QB conference)

A

Centralized government (Federal, Provincial, Municipal). Idea for Senate.

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36
Q

What did John A give Canada?

A

Railroad. Confederation. 2/3rds of original constitution. Ottawa as capital.

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37
Q

Prior to War of 1812 timeline.

A

Vikings. Cabot. Cartier. St. Croix. Champlain. Fur Trade/Filles du Roi. Acadia. Plains of Abraham. Pontiac. Royal Proclamation. Quebec Act. 1775 invasions.

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38
Q

1812 War Timeline.

A

Mackinaw. Dearborn. Detroit. Queenston Heights. Beaver Dams. Chateguay.

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39
Q

1837 to 1867. Road to Government. Timeline.

A

1837 rebellions. Durham Report. Act of Union. Lafontaine and Baldwin. McNab. Ottawa. Military Services Act. Brown Crosses floor. Charlottetown Conference. Quebec Conference. 72 Resolutions (Our first Charter).

40
Q

1867 to Tommy Douglas Timeline.

A

Confederation. McGee assassinated. Red River Rebellion. Pacific Scandal. Indian Act. National Policy. NW Rebellion. Riel Executed. Pass and Permit system. Manitoba Schools Question. Right to vote for Women (Nellie McClung). Manitoba gets the right to vote for women. Vimy Ridge. Winnipeg General Strike. Person’s case. Famous 5. AB recognizes women as persons. The Privy council decides all women are persons, regardless of the province. Statute of Westminster.

41
Q

Tommy Douglas to Meech Lake Accord.

A

Tommy Douglas. Homosexuality decriminalized. Official Languages Act. October Crisis (FLQ). Bill 22 (Language Law). Bill 101 (French Protections law). Quebec tries to separate. Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Constitution brought home. Bill 178 (Sign law). Meech Lake Accord.

42
Q

How did the 1837 Rebellions lead to responsible government?

A

Rebellions led to the Durham Report that recommended the unification of upper and Lower Canada, including responsible government.

43
Q

How did the Act of Union attempt to assimilate the French?

A

Ontario and Quebec were given equal power, even though Quebec had a larger population.

44
Q

What did Lafontaine and Baldwin do?

A

Rebellion Losses Bill was meant to repay damages during the 1837 rebellions. This led to the Montreal Riots.

45
Q

What were the Montreal Riots about?

A

The Rebellion Losses Bill. The rioters wanted Governor Elgin to overturn the bill, but he refused to protect the responsible government. Led to Montreal burning and the capital moving (which became an issue of its own).

46
Q

What was the BNA act?

A

British North America Act. First constitution of Canada.

47
Q

John A list of significant things.

A

Got McNab out of office. Saw Canada as English and French. Ottawa. Neglected family to pursue politics. Military services act. Crossed floor first. Deal with Brown (about Confederation). 2/3 of 72 resolutions. First Prime Minister. Centralized Government. Railroad.

48
Q

Pacific Scandal.

A

Sir Hugh Allen bribed John A ($300,000, not counting inflation) for the contract to build the railroad. The money was not for the railroad but was for John A.

John A is the only Prime Minister out of office due to scandal.
Despite the scandal, John A returned to office and served as Prime Minister until he died.

49
Q

Indian Act.

A

Defined Indian Status. Made Indians wards of the state. Residential Schools. Outlawed culture.

50
Q

National policy.

A

Tariffs - Short-term, hurt the West. Long-term made Canada self-sustainable.
West Settlement - Failed initially due to the economic boom in Europe, but the economic downfall made it successful. Led to a multicultural society.
Railway - Heart of Canada, vital to immigration, defence, and trade/economy.

51
Q

Where did the NW rebellion occur?

A

Saskatchewan.

52
Q

How did Riel’s execution trouble John A?

A

Quebec wanted him to live, Ontario wanted him dead. He had Riel killed, which cost the Conservative Party support.

53
Q

What was the pass system?

A

Indians could not leave the reserve without permission. The Government wanted to control Indian activities.

54
Q

What was the permit system?

A

Indians could not sell products without a permit. They could not choose what to grow.

55
Q

Manitoba Schools Question

A

TO DO

56
Q

Who was Nellie McClung?

A

She got women the right to vote in Manitoba and led the Famous Five who went to the Privy Council to get women recognized as persons.

57
Q

First Province to recognize that women were persons.

A

Alberta.

58
Q

First Province to give Women the right to vote?

A

Manitoba.

59
Q

Last province to recognize women as persons?

A

Quebec.

60
Q

Winnipeg General Strike, impact?

A

Fails, but starts left-wing policies. Leads to Tommy Douglas and his left-wing policies.

61
Q

Person’s case story?

A

Lizzie Cyr trial. Cameron (Cyr’s lawyer) argued that the judge (a woman) was unfit to judge. Her right to be a judge was *protected. Famous Five wanted the rest of Canada to recognize women as persons. They went to the Supreme Court which said women were not persons, so they went to the British Privy Council which said once and for all that women were persons.

62
Q

What was the Statute of Westminister?

A

Recognized the sovereign right of nations to control their own domestic and foreign affairs (finally making Canada independent).

63
Q

Vimy Ridge.

A

Canadian fought. Creeping barrage used. This would lead to Canadian independence. Canada was seen as separate from Britain and a sense of nationhood was created.

64
Q

Tommy Douglas impact on Canada.

A

Helped make Canada a left-wing society. Introduce many policies and programs such as medicare, old-age pensions, unemployment insurance, bill of rights, union rights, free textbooks, public utilities, etc.

65
Q

What was the 60s Scoop?

A

FN children were taken away and given to white families (ELA 20 covered this in the play ‘Someday’). Attempt at assimilation.

66
Q

What was the October Crisis?

A

The FLQ kidnapped 2 politicians, and 1 was killed. Beginning of the War Measures Act. MORE DETAIL

67
Q

What was Bill 22?

A

Language law.

French is the only official language in Quebec.

English Canada thought it went too far. Quebec nationalists thought it didn’t go far enough.

68
Q

What was Bill 101?

A

Extreme French Protections.

  1. All students had to attend French-language schools unless at least one parent had been educated in an English school in Quebec.
  2. All commercial outside signs had to be French only. Workers could not be forced to speak any language other than French.
  3. French was the only official language in Quebec. All laws of Quebec were in French.
69
Q

How many times did Quebec have a referendum to separate and what were the results?

A

2 times. 60 against 40 for separation. 50 - 50 second time. (But 2/3 majority is needed to break up unions or corporations).

70
Q

Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

A

In the constitution. Constitution was brought home from England. Notwithstanding clause.

71
Q

What is the not-withstanding clause?

A

Charter can be ignored for 5 years.

72
Q

What was Bill 178?

A

Outdoor signs could only be in French.

Indoor signs could have English but French words had to be bigger.

The Notwithstanding Clause of the Constitution allowed Quebec to do this.

73
Q

What was the Meech Lake Accord?

A

5 points. The most troublesome one was that “Quebec would be a distinct society”.

  1. Quebec would have more control over immigration.
  2. Quebec’s 3/9 seats in the Supreme Court would be guaranteed in the constitution. Ottawa would appoint people to the Supreme court based on lists proposed by provinces.
  3. Federal Government would compensate any province that opted out of future national programs.
  4. Any future changes to the constitution would require unanimous consent of Ottawa and the Provinces.
  5. “Distinct Society”.
74
Q

These 2 provinces didn’t agree to Meech Lake (didn’t vote on time).

A

Newfoundland and Manitoba.

75
Q

Who were Clyde Wells and Elijah Harper?

A

They fought against Meech Lake. Clyde didn’t put it in legislation. Harper always said “No” to delay debates on it.

76
Q

Charlottetown Accord.

A

Ripped apart (figuratively) by Trudeau, who, although retired, went on National TV. The Conservatives fell apart.

77
Q

Clarity Act.

A

Bad - Canada is the only country with a way to separate.
Good - Separation is effectively impossible.

  1. The House of Commons can determine whether or not a clear majority has expressed itself.
  2. A question not referring solely to secession is considered unclear.
  3. All provinces and the FN must be part of the negotiations.
  4. The house of commons has the power to override a referendum decision if it feels the referendum decision violates any of the tenets of the clarity act.
  5. The House of Commons has the power to decide whether or not a proposed question is clear.
78
Q

Manitoba Schools Question

A

Laurier-Greenway Compromise:

  1. Roman Catholic teachers were to be hired where 40 Roman Catholic students lived in an urban area, or 10 in a rural area.
  2. When requested by 10 or more families, religious instruction would be provided between 3:30 and 4:00.
  3. When 10 or more students spoke French (or any other language) the learning was to be in French (or any other language).

This upset Quebec because other minorities had the same rights (the French wanted to be treated well as a minority, but didn’t want treatment for other minorities).

Manitoba Schools Question highlighted the contradictory beliefs towards minorites.

79
Q

Conscription Crisis 1.

A

Most French in Canada had lived their for generations, felt no loyalty to Britain.
Most English in Canada had moved their recently and still felt loyal to Britain.

The French felt that WW1 was Britain’s war.
The English blamed the French for not volunteering, leading to conscription. (Cartoon on final)
No conscripts made it to the Front Lines.

80
Q

Conscription Crisis 2.

A

Lyon McKenzie King was PM at the time.

“Not necessarily conscription but conscription if necessary”: No real decision made.

Had a plebiscite in which English voted yes, French voted no.

Conscription was enacted, 69 died of the 2463 who made it to the battlefield, of the 13000 who were conscripted.

French felt like their voices were unheard. Started Quebec’s journey to separation.

81
Q

What was the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism?

A

A report that showed how poorly the French had been treated in their own country, and even their own province.

Recommendations were:

  1. Canada should be officially bilingual. English and French should be official languages for Parliament and for the courts.
  2. More French Canadians should be hired for government positions. Federal government workers should be able to help people in French as well as English.
  3. All provinces should make sure every student learned both languages.
82
Q

Points of the War Measures Act?

A

Allowed the government to…

  1. Censure, suppress, or control publications.
  2. Arrest, detain, exclude, or expel individuals.
  3. Control all forms of transportation.
  4. Control trade and manufacturing.
  5. Take control, dispose of, or use any property.
83
Q

What was the official languages act?

A

Gave equal status to the French and English languages and made Canada an officially bilingual nation.

This annoyed the English who felt they were forced to be more accepting of the French, and the French were annoyed at how the English were annoyed.

84
Q

What parts of Bill 101 were overruled?

A

Clause 1 (The education clause) was overruled.

Clause 2 (The commercial sign law) was overruled (but French had to be more visible than other languages).

85
Q

Charlottetown Accord.

A
  1. Quebec would be a “Distinct Society”.
  2. Quebec would lose seats in the Senate, but be guaranteed 25% of seats in the House of Commons.
  3. All provinces would have a veto on constitutional matters.
  4. All provinces could opt out of federal social programs and use federal funding to start programs of their own.
  5. Aboriginals would have the inherent right of self-government within Canada (Quebec though this would affect a large portion of Quebec, Ironic).

Canada clause:
Provinces must preserve social programs that Canadians had come to expect, such as publicly funded healthcare, free education, reasonable access to shelter, right to form unions, free movement, protection of the environment, and goal of full employment. Canadians are committed to racial and ethnic equality, as well as equality of male and female persons. - Eliminated many concerns, but left some problems.

Pierre Elliot Trudeau called the Accord “a mess that deserves a big NO”. He saw that it would weaken Canada and strengthen Quebec. Quebec would just want more and more.

86
Q

Which 3 provinces passed the Charlottetown Accord (of the 10 needed).

A

Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, and Ontario.

87
Q

Charlottetown Accord impact?

A

Bloc Quebecois formed.
Conservative leader retires and first female Prime Minister Kim Campbell is crushed when the Conservatives are swept out of office going from 169 to 2 seats.
John Cretien and the Liberals came to power promising many great changes none of which actually occurred.
First Nation’s demands became more serious.`

88
Q

Meech Lake to Truth and Reconciliation.

A

Meech Lake Accord. Oka Crisis. Charlottetown Accord. Quebec tries to separate again. Clarity act. Nunavut. Truth and Reconciliation.

89
Q

“The two solitudes share a certain sadness; the centrality of absence, a country and a people defined by what is missing, by what has passed”

A

Canada cannot move forward until we deal with our pass. Canada is defined by the past. The past still affects the present, and Canada cannot move forward until the past is dealt with.

90
Q

“We were bad prove it”

A

Acadia - Exiled.
FN - Land was taken, and smallpox was used to “spare the lives of better men”.
Oka - Needs were ignored. Golf course on burial grounds.
Tecumseh - He and FN were promised a nation of their own, but this promise died with Tecumseh.
Chinese workers - made to do the worse/dangerous jobs for less pay.
Internment camps - Japanese, Ukrainians, Italians.
Indian Act - Residential schools and 3 points.
Pass and Permit system.
Chinese head tax.
60s scoop.
Certain ethnicities were favoured as immigrants (based on if they came from similar climates and farms).
Department of Indian affairs - not ran by Indians, Indians were treated as minors by the government.
Culture outlawed - further restricts FN culture.

91
Q

Who was Emily Murphy?

A

Petitioned the Alberta Government to set up a separate court for women. Became a magistrate (judge). Oversaw the Lizzie Cyr case.

92
Q

Who was John Mckinley Cameron?

A

Lizzie Cyr’s lawyer.

93
Q

Pierre Dugua de Mons

A

Tried to live on St. Croix, but failed miserably. Established Quebec City and Port Royal, France’s first 2 long-standing settlements.

94
Q

Robert Bordon

A

Led Canada during WW1.

95
Q

Pierre Elliot Trudeau

A

Official Languages Act. Managed the October Crisis. Enacted the War Measures Act. Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Brought constitution home. Tore the Charlottetown Accord apart.

96
Q

Who did the FLQ kidnap and kill?

A

James Cross - British Consul

Pierre Laporte - Quebec Labor Minister - Later found dead in car trunk.

History 30 (2 decks)

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