Final Review

Question 1

This man led a nationalist movement formed in Vietnam after WWI

He formed a liberation movement known as the Viet Minh

He turned North Vietnam into a communist dictatorship

Answer 1

Ho Chi Minh

Question 2

They used guerrilla warfare in the battle against the Japanese and held many key cities by 1945

They wore down the French will to fight

Answer 2

Viet Minh

Question 3

A negotiation to end the French Vietnam conflict

It divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel

This division was meant to be temporary, but knowing Ho Chi Minh will win, the South made sure nationwide elections were never held

Answer 3

Geneva Agreement

Question 4

The United States began a long program of sustained bombing of North Vietnamese targets

At first only military targets were hit, but as months turned into years, civilian targets were pummeled as well

Answer 4

Operation Rolling Thunder

Question 5

This is done by torching the village to the ground and confiscating discovered munitions

One of the problems faced by U.S. military personnel in Vietnam was identifying the enemy; if they were to find evidence of Vietcong support, they would commit this

Answer 5

Zippo Raid

Question 6

This fight lasted for several days in some South Vietnamese cities

This convinced Americans that government statements about the Vietnam war being nearly over were false

Answer 6

Tet Offensive

Question 7

The murder of officers by their own troops

This increased in the years that followed Tet due to low troop morale

Answer 7

Fragging

Question 8

Leaders of this opposed the war on moral and economic grounds

This grew as more Americans became more aware of the Vietnam war

Answer 8

Peace Movement

Question 9

This granted suffrage to 18-year-olds

This was a response to how young American soldiers pointed out the unfairness of how they are old enough to fight and die, but not enough to vote and drink

Answer 9

26th Amendment

Question 10

These were granted to college students

Because of these, the less affluent and less educated made up a disproportionate percentage of combat troops

About 80 percent of American ground troops in Vietnam came from the lower classes

Answer 10

Draft Deferments

Question 11

American soldiers opened fire on several hundred women and children in this

This was not revealed to the American public until investigative journalist Seymour Hersh published his findings

Answer 11

My Lai Massacre

Question 12

The United States would gradually withdraw troops from Southeast Asia as American military personnel turned more and more of the fighting over to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam

In theory, as the South Vietnamese became more able to defend themselves, United States soldiers could go home without a communist takeover of Saigon

Troop withdrawals did little to placate the antiwar movement; Demonstrators wanted an immediate and complete departure

Answer 12

1968 Vietnamization

Question 13

Students of this protested Nixon’s actions and burned down the ROTC building

The governor of Ohio sent the National Guard to maintain order

A state of high tension and confusion hung between the Guard and the students; Several soldiers fired their rifles, leading to deaths of four students and the wounding of several others

Answer 13

Kent State Massacre

Question 14

A top-secret overview of the history of government involvement in Vietnam

A participant in the study named Daniel Ellsberg believed the American public needed to know some of the secrets, so he leaked information to the press

A growing credibility gap between the truth and what the government said was true caused many Americans to grow even more cynical about the war

Answer 14

Pentagon Papers

Question 15

Many states in the early 1960s prohibited the sale of contraceptives; the Supreme Court ruled such laws were unconstitutional

With the introduction of the birth control pill to the market in 1960, women could for the first time deter pregnancy by their own choice

The Court determined that a fundamental right to privacy exists between the lines of the Constitution; Laws prohibiting contraceptive choice violated this sacred right

Answer 15

Griswold v. Connecticut 1965

Question 16

The ban of prohibitive laws was extended to unmarried couples

A federal judge imparted the right to purchase contraceptives to unmarried minors 2 years afterward

Answer 16

Eisenstadt v. Baird 1972

Question 17

As founder of the National Women’s Party, this person first introduced the Equal Rights Amendment to Congress in 1923

She would work for the passage of the the ERA until her death in 1977

Answer 17

Alice Paul

Question 18

This organization formed with the explicit goal of reversing Roe v. Wade; Jane Roe challenged the Texas law, which outlawed any type of abortion

The Roman Catholic Church had long criticized abortion as a form of infanticide

Answer 18

National Right to Life Committee

Question 19

This prohibits the use of federal Medicaid funds to be used for abortions

Answer 19

Hyde Amendment of 1976

Question 20

This upheld the right of states to impose waiting periods and parental notification requirements

President George Bush imposed a “gag rule” that prohibited workers in federally funded clinics from even mentioning abortion as an option with their patients

Answer 20

Planned Parenthood v. Casey 1992

Question 21

This was written by Rachel Carson, sending a wake-up call to America

Carson wrote of the horrors of DDT, a popular pesticide used on many American farms, proved to be poisonous when ingested by birds; Carson then witnessed a spring where birds did not return to farms

The book created a firestorm of concern for the environment; Many students involved in the peace and civil rights movements also embraced the call for environmental awareness

Johnson responded with the Wilderness Protection Act, the Water Quality Act, and the Air Quality Act

An activist organization named Greenpeace formed

Answer 21

Silent Spring

Question 22

A federal watchdog dedicated to proper care of the planet

In 1970, Nixon signed legislation creating this

Answer 22

Environmental Protection Agency

Question 23

Inspired by senator Gaylord Nelson and created by students, the nation celebrated its first ___ ___ ___

Answer 23

Earth Day 1970

Question 24

This person used tactics similar to those used by Martin Luther King, Jr. in his attempts to improve working conditions for migrant farm workers in the American Southeast

He organized the United Farm Workers union and enacted a nationwide boycott of grapes to support his cause

Responding to the mistreatment of union membership in the fields, he commenced a three-week hunger strike to receive national attention; When the grape growers recognized his union in 1970, his deeds were vindicated

Answer 24

Cesar Chavez

Question 25

The catalyst for the gay rights movement came when New York City police officers raided this place; The patrons of the bar felt singled out for police harassment for years, but this time they fought back, hurling rocks, fists, and insults at the police

On the one year anniversary of this, the first gay rights parade was staged in New York City

Small gains were achieved in the years that followed; homosexuality no longer labeled a mental illness, homosexuals no longer considered security risks, and gays were no longer denied civil service jobs based on their sexual orientation

Answer 25

Stonewall Riots

Question 26

The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) ratified this

It was a manifesto, largely written by a young student named Tom Hayden, condemning middle-class materialism, racism, conformity, and anticommunism

Answer 26

Huron Statement

Question 27

This was written by C. Wright Mills, it contended that a small group of Americans — including members of government, titans of industry and military leaders — were responsible for the fate of the Nation

It strongly influenced SDS members to fear that the Cold War was undermining American democracy

Answer 27

The Power Elite

Question 28

One of the men arrested after the Watergate incident, he was the security adviser for Nixon’s campaign staff known as the Committee to RE-Elect the President

He admitted in a letter that members of the Nixon Administration ordered the Watergate break-in; A Senate committee was appointed to investigate, and Nixon succumbed to public pressure and appointed Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox to scrutinize the matter

Answer 28

James McCord

Question 29

A White House group known as the “Plumbers” was established to eliminate administration leaks to the press. Their first target was Daniel Ellsberg who had worked on these; Nixon would stop at nothing to win this war of hearts and minds, even if it meant breaking the law

Answer 29

Pentagon Papers (Nixon’s Involvement)

Question 30

This Vice-President resigned facing charges of bribery and tax evasion

Answer 30

Spiro Agnew

Question 31

In this, the Supreme Court declared that executive privilege did not apply in the use of tape recordings, and Nixon was ordered to give the evidence to the Congress

Answer 31

U.S. v. Nixon

Question 32

The Committee to RE-Elect the President, Nixon’s campaign staff

The campaign raised millions of dollars in illegal contributions and laundered several hundred thousand for plumbing activities

Answer 32

CREEP

Question 33

President Nixon’s letter of resignation is addressed to the Secretary of State — who at the time was this person — in keeping with a law passed by Congress in 1792; When this person initialed the document at 11:35 a.m., Nixon’s resignation became official

Answer 33

Henry Kissinger

Question 34

An indefinite feeling of debility or lack of health

A vague sense of mental or moral ill-being

In the mid-1970s much of America suffered a collective ___

For the first time since the Great Depression, Americans faced an economy that could result in a lower standard of living for their children

Answer 34

Malaise

Question 35

When Israel defeated its Arab neighbors in the Yom Kippur War of 1973, Arab oil producers retaliated against Israel’s allies by leading this organization to enact an embargo

Oil prices skyrocketed immediately in the United States as the demand outstripped the supply

As the decade progressed, the embargo was lifted, but this organization steadily raised prices each year

Answer 35

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries — OPEC

Question 36

Gerald Ford enacted a huge propaganda campaign Called ___ ___ ___, which asked Americans to voluntarily control spending, wage demands, and price increases

Despite this effort, inflation continued to rise throughout the 1970s

Answer 36

Whip Inflation Now (WIN)

Question 37

When talks stalled between Israel and Egypt, tensions rose

Then, on ___ ___, one of the most holy days on the Jewish calendar, Egypt and Syria jointly attacked Israel

Answer 37

Yom Kippur War of 1973

Question 38

The world watched in horror as Arab gunmen cut down eleven Israeli weightlifters at the ___ ___ in Munich

America sank deeper into malaise when it looked around at what was going on in the rest of the world

Answer 38

1972 Olympics

Question 39

This person was the impetus for the 1979 seizure of the U.S. Embassy in Tehran by the Iranian government

The terrorists demanded the return of their former leader Pahlavi in exchange for the lives of 52 American hostages

Answer 39

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Question 40

A second arms limitation treaty between the U.S. and USSR

It was delivered to the Senate — only to be rejected

The USSR had surpassed the United States in nuclear warheads; The Cold War became frostier

Answer 40

Salt II

Question 41

After the Iranian government took 52 Americans hostage at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran in 1979, President Carter mounted a rescue effort that ended in tragedy

Eight American pilots participating in this lost their lives when two aircraft collided

Answer 41

“Operation Eagle Claw”

Question 42

Though Jimmy Carter’s presidency is often remembered for creating a sense of “malaise” throughout America, Carter was able to take a great step towards peace in the Middle East; Carter, Anwar Sadat, and Menachem Begin celebrate the signing of the ___ ___ ___.

Answer 42

Camp David Accords