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HSC 218 Clinical Pathology F2F > Final Review > Flashcards

Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Factors contributing to the development of acne vulgaris include:

A

increase in hormones, food allergies, endocrine disorders, heredity

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2
Q

How is a diagnosis of diabetes insidious made?

A

water restriction test

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3
Q

Treatments for Bell’s palsy

A

anti-inflammatories, analgesics, warm/moist heat, electrical nerve stimulation, and massage, possibly plastic surgery

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4
Q

Causes of gastritis

A

smoking, Helicobacter pylori infection, aspirin or NSAIDs use, alcohol consumption

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5
Q

urine from patients with hepatitis appears

A

dark

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6
Q

Causes of menorrhagia include

A

hormonal imbalance, uterine tumors, pelvic inflammatory disease

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7
Q

Common types of headaches include

A

migraine, tension, post-lumbar puncture, cluster

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8
Q

Drugs that cause a distorted response to visual, auditory, and tactile stimulation

A

hallucinogens

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9
Q

Examples of hallucinogens

A

mescaline, PCP, LSD

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10
Q

Prevention of dental caries includes

A

increased toothbrushing and flossing.

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11
Q

Catheterization is performed to

A

obtain a sterile urine specimen, treat incontinence, remove urine

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12
Q

Complications of mumps

A

orchitis and nerve conduction deafness

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13
Q

The advantage of doing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy over a traditional abdominal incision

A

decreases length of hospital stay, decreases recovery time, decreases number of missed workdays, less discomfort (drastically reduces pain)

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14
Q

Secondary liver tumors are a result of metastasis from

A

breast, digestive system, lungs

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15
Q

Symptoms of fulminant hepatitis include:

A

confusion, stupor, high fever, hemorrhages from skin and mucous membranes

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16
Q

Treatment for hypothyroidism includes:

A

thyroxine hormone replacement

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17
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

fever, inflammation of respiratory mucous membranes, runny nose, dusky/red/maculopapular rash over the trunk and extremities, Koplik’s spots in mouth

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18
Q

Snellen chart is used to measure

A

visual acuity

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19
Q

Causes of obstructions in hydronephrosis

A

kidney stones, an enlarged prostate, congenital defects in the urinary tract structure

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20
Q

“Cradle cap” is a form of

A

seborrheic dermatitis

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21
Q

Management of acne includes

A

clean with antibacterial soap, avoid squeezing the comedones, avoid the use of heavy makeup

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22
Q

Symptoms of hepatitis include

A

anorexia, malaise, jaundice, myalgia, fever, abdominal pain, dark-colored urine

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23
Q

Keratitis is an inflammation of

A

the cornea

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24
Q

The most common symptom of reflux esophagitis

A

heartburn

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25
Q

Cirrhosis of the liver is

A

chronic, degenerative and irreversbile

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26
Q

Environmental causes of congenital defects include

A

maternal radiation, metabolic disorders, medications

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27
Q

Influenza is characterized by

A

fever and chills, joint and muscle aches, a runny nose and dry cough

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28
Q

Terms commonly used in substance-related mental disorders

A

dependency, addictive, withdrawal

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29
Q

Factors contributing to the development of acne vulgaris

A

endocrine disorders, heredity, food allergies

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30
Q

Congenital hip dislocation is obvious in the first month of life because the infant will have

A

limited hip abduction and asymmetrical folds of the affected thigh.

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31
Q

A distinguishing characteristic of Graves’ disease

A

bulging eyes

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32
Q

Treatment for metrorrhagia

A

D&C

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33
Q

Purging behaviors include

A

induced vomiting and excessive use of laxatives

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34
Q

Herpes varicella is also known as

A

chickenpox

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35
Q

The four categories of infectious diseases of childhood

A

viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic

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36
Q

Causes of epilepsy

A

brain tumors, a neurological disease, scar tissue in the brain due to trauma or stroke

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37
Q

Herpes simplex type 1 is also known as

A

fever blisters and/or cold sores

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38
Q

An increase in the production of sebum causing inflammation in areas of the skin with the greatest number of glands is called

A

seborrheic dermatitis

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39
Q

Signs of hydrocephalus

A

bulging eyes, a shrill high-pitched cry, prominent head veins

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40
Q

Angel dust, peace pill, and peace weed are street names for

A

PCP

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41
Q

What is it called when a catheter is placed through an incision into the pelvic wall

A

suprapubic

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42
Q

Disorders that typically have headaches as a symptom

A

hypertension, anemia, sinusitis, meningitis, encephalitis, constipation, premenstrual tension, and tumors

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43
Q

Common signs and symptoms of the female reproductive tract include

A

abnormal discharge from the nipple, abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercourse

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44
Q

Signs and symptoms of otitis media include

A

the child pulling on the ear, drainage from the ear, a reddish, bulging eardrum

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45
Q

Treatment for headaches includes

A

warm baths, muscle relaxants, rest in a quiet, dark room

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46
Q

Common disorders of the eye include

A

strabismus, cataracts, glaucoma

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47
Q

Infants born to crack-using mothers exhibit which symptoms

A

tremors, low birth weight, frantic sucking activities

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48
Q

Caffeine is a stimulant found in which substances

A

coffee, chocolate, tea

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49
Q

A possible cause of blepharitis includes

A

seborrhea, a bacterial infection, an allergic reaction

50
Q

Muscular dystrophy is characterized by

A

muscles that are unable to store protein, muscle fibers that die and are replaced with fat and connective tissue, muscles that digress from weak to useless

51
Q

During an otoscopic examination, the _____ can be visualized

A

tympanic membrane

52
Q

Impetigo is caused by

A

staphylococcus

53
Q

Treatment of viral hepatitis includes

A

adequate nutrition and rest

54
Q

Symptoms of the common cold include

A

sneezing, a nasal discharge, watery eyes

55
Q

Urine is normally

A

yellow and clear

56
Q

Laboratory tests performed to diagnose diseases or disorders of the male reproductive system include

A

testosterone levels, PSA, a sperm count

57
Q

The most commonly performed test of the female reproductive system is the

A

Pap smear

58
Q

Commonly abused substances in substance-induced dementia include

A

alcohol, paint fumes, cocaine

59
Q

Vaccine is available for hepatitis

A

A, B

60
Q

Common symptoms of gallbladder disease include

A

excessive gas, N&V, right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain

61
Q

Which condition can be caused by hormonal disorders, malformation or absence of female organs, pregnancy, or anorexia

A

amenorrhea

62
Q

Symptoms of a strep throat infection

A

sore throat, fever, pain with swallowing, red spots on roof of mouth, red and swollen tonsils

63
Q

Reflux esophagitis is inflammation of

A

tissue at the lower end of the esophagus

64
Q

Hiatal hernias occur when part of the stomach slides into the

A

thoracic cavity

65
Q

Treatment for esophageal varices includes

A

treatment to decrease venous pressure, a soft diet

66
Q

Common signs and symptoms of diseases of the urinary system

A

hematuria, oliguria, and pyuria, nocturia

low back or flank pain, frequency, urgency

67
Q

Females are more prone to UTIs because

A

their urethra is shorter, their urethral opening being closer to the rectum, improper wiping

68
Q

Symptoms of kidney stones include

A

spasmodic flank pain

69
Q

The most common cause of glomerulonephritis

A

streptococcus

70
Q

Prevention of UTIs

A

drink six to eight glasses of water per day, wipe from front to back, urinate before and after sexual intercourse

71
Q

The most common bacteria to cause urinary tract infections

A

E. coli

72
Q

A neurogenic bladder may be caused by

A

stroke, tumor, spinal cord accident

73
Q

Giantism is a result of oversecretion of

A

GH (somatotropin)

74
Q

Complications of acromegaly

A

shortened life expectancy, disfigurement, congestive heart failure

75
Q

A goiter is a growth on the

A

thyroid

76
Q

Symptoms characteristic of myxedema include:

A

swelling of facial tissue

77
Q

A chronic disease affecting carbohydrate, or sugar metabolism due to inadequate production of insulin by the pancreatic islets of Langerhan

A

Diabetes Mellitus

78
Q

Common symptoms of degenerative disk disease include

A

radiating pain down one or both legs

79
Q

Symptoms of vascular dementia include:

A

change in memory, change in personality, irritability

80
Q

Symptoms of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

A

weakness of arm or leg, or both; slurred speech; mild loss of consciousness

81
Q

Symptoms of cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

dysphagia, dysphasia, hemiparesis, confusion, difficulty seeing, incoordination, severe headache, numbness on one side of body

82
Q

Shingles occurs in:

A

adults

83
Q

Symptoms of meningitis include:

A

sudden onset of high fever, nuchal rigidity, severe headache

84
Q

Encephalitis may be spread by:

A

mosquitoes

85
Q

Common signs and symptoms of eye disease

A

pain or burning in or around eye, decreased visual acuity or ability to see, any visual disorder such as seeing flashes of light, eye redness

86
Q

Common signs and symptoms of ear disease

A

otalgia, deafness, vertigo, tinnitus

87
Q

The inability of the aging lens to properly focus light rays is known as:

A

presbyopia

88
Q

Common signs and symptoms of the male reproductive tract include:

A

lesions on the external genitalia, abnormal penile discharge, welling or abnormal enlargement of the reproductive organs

89
Q

Complications of endometriosis

A

infertility, an ectopic pregnancy, a spontaneous abortion

90
Q

Symptoms of dysmenorrhea include

A

low back pain, pain radiating to the upper back, dull to severe cramping

91
Q

Primary amenorrhea occurs if menses have not occurred by age:

A

18

92
Q

Common signs and symptoms of diseases of the integumentary system include

A

pain, pruritus, skin lesions

93
Q

Symptoms of Lyme disease include:

A

flulike symptoms, arthritis, bull’s-eye rash

94
Q

The formation of a capsule to wall off and prevent the spread of a staphylococcal infection is an example of

A

abscess

95
Q

The most common form of tinea infections is:

A

tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)

96
Q

Cystic fibrosis affects which structures

A

pancreas, lungs, sweat glands

97
Q

Symptoms of pyloric stenosis include:

A

projectile vomiting beginning at 2-4 weeks of age, mostly in boys

98
Q

The defects involved in tetralogy of Fallot include:

A

pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular septal defect

99
Q

Common symptoms of a myelomeningocele

A

paralysis of the legs, bowel and bladder incontinence, skeletal malformation

100
Q

Complications of cerebral palsy include

A

infant-difficulty sucking or swallowing

visual and hearing deficits, seizure activity, mental challenges, muscle weakness,, hyperactive reflexes, scissors gait

101
Q

Signs of osteogenesis imperfecta include:

A

frequent fractures, blue coloration of the sclera of the eyes, otosclerotic deafness

102
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a disorder characterized by:

A

brittle bones

103
Q

Tests to diagnose prenatal disorders

A

ultrasonography, amniotic fluid analysis, maternal blood analysis

104
Q

Treatment for infectious diseases consists of

A

good nutrition, good handwashing techniques, rest

105
Q

Rubella is also known as:

A

German measles, 3-day measles

106
Q

Symptoms of varicella include:

A

a macular rash, vesicles, intense itching

107
Q

Symptoms of mononucleosis include:

A

sore throat, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes

108
Q

The symptoms of ADHD include

A

hyperactivity, an inability to concentrate, impulsiveness

109
Q

Typical characteristics of an individual with anorexia nervosa include:

A

body image distortion, an intense fear of becoming fat, an adolescent female

110
Q

Examples of tics include

A

eye blinking, throat clearing, facial grimacing

111
Q

Treatment for enuresis includes

A

restricting fluids after the evening meal, bladder training to enlarge bladder capacity, urinating before bedtime

112
Q

The use of inhalants over a long period of time may cause permanent damage to:

A

brain, heart, kidneys

113
Q

Symptoms of nicotine withdrawal include

A

weight gain, irritability, depression

114
Q

Melena is due to the presence of blood in the:

A

stool

115
Q

Periodontal disease affects the:

A

gums

116
Q

Common symptoms of gastritis

A

epigastric pain and bloating

117
Q

Ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the

A

abdominal cavity

118
Q

When obtaining a sterile urine specimen, the patient needs to get a _____ specimen.

A

catheterized urine

119
Q

Signs and symptoms of glomerulonephritis include

A

swollen eyes and ankles, flank pain, fever, loss of appetite, malaise, oliguria, hematuria

120
Q

Risk factors for developing macular degeneration

A

cigarette smoking, farsightedness, light eye color

HSC 218 Clinical Pathology F2F (2 decks)

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