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Chemistry 2 > final review > Flashcards

final review Flashcards

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1
Q

which ALP enzyme travels closest to the anode following electrophoresis

A

liver, then bone/placenta,

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2
Q

which marker is used to determine non specific inflammation

A

CRP C reactive protien

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3
Q

what is the main isoenzyme of CK

A

CK3 ( CK- MM)

MM= Much more

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4
Q

which enzyme can be measured in both serum & urine

A

amylase because of its small size

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5
Q

what coagulation factor is increased in liver disease ( what test would be preformed ?

A

PT- INR

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6
Q

if a patient has alcoholic cirrohiss

A

GGT

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7
Q

what enzyme would be elevated if a patient had viral hepatitis

A

AST

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8
Q

if a patient has something going on with their liver a protein will be decreased and fluid retention will be increased, what is that called and what is the protein

A

edema

low albumin protein

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9
Q

what enzyme would be elevated in pancreatic carcinoma

A

post hepatic obstruction = ALP increased

  • any carcinoma/ tumor = obstruction= post hepatic
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10
Q

characteristics of an ideal cardiac marker

A

sensitive
elevated quickly
elevated long enough to be tested

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11
Q

conditions that cause an incresed anion gap

A 
MUDPILES 
methanol 
uremia 
d
p
lactic acid 
ethanol 
salicilates
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12
Q

calculations to kno

A

anion gap
osmolality
osmolar gap
total bilirubin- conjugated = unconjugated
beers law
henderson hassel back formula ( pH, HCO3 or PCO2)
CSF (glucose is 60% of Blood glucose )
international units ( enzyme units) ( micromol/min/L )

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13
Q

if a patient has hypoparathyroidism

A

Calcium will be low

phosphate will be increased

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14
Q

what is the biologically active form of calcium

A

ionized calcium

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15
Q

compleximetric dye method of calcium, why do we add 8 hydroxyquinoline

A

to prevent magnesium interference

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16
Q

potassium of 7.1 mmol/L what should you do

A

check for hemolysis- hemolysis = recollect
no hemolysis rerun
still critical = call physician

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17
Q

acid - base disturbance options *

A

uncompensated
partially
fully

metabolic or
respiratory

acidosis or alkilosis

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18
Q

if a blood gas sample is exposed to air

A

pH increased
O2 increase
CO2 decreased

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19
Q

how is metabolic acidosis compensated

A

hyperventilation

- expel CO2 and bring pH back to normal

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20
Q

what electrolyte is affected most by hemolysis

A

potassium, then magnesium

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21
Q

what is the anticoagulant for blood gas

A

heparin ( dry form )

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22
Q

what hormone is involved in increase & decrease in calcium levels

A

PTH - increases

calcitonin - decreases

23
Q

where is calcitonin produced

A

parathyroid

24
Q

which 2 analytes is collected in grey top tube

A
  1. Lactate ( has to go on ice )

2. alcohol levels for legal reasons ( we measure it on whole blood)

25
Q

what is the confirmatory method for drugs of abuse analysis

A

gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

26
Q

what does pilocarpine iontophoresis measure

A

sweat chloride for cystic fibrosis diagnosis

> 60 mmol/L = cystic fibrosis

27
Q

what solution is used to calibrate a freezing point osmometer

A

sodium chloride

28
Q

what is the best method to measure sodium concentration on a sample thats highly lipemic

A

direct ISE - bc its undiluted

if using indirect we dilute it and that causes a false decrease ( pseudohyponatreia )

29
Q

low blood volume causes synthesis of what hormone by kidneys

A

alosterone - increases Na+ retention & water along with it ( increases blood pressure

30
Q

a serous fluid has to be kept on ice and anareobic for which test

A

pH

31
Q

trinder reaction is used to measure

A

salicyilates

32
Q

if a patient has elevated levels of AFP in fetal serum what kind of condition might fetus have

A

neural tube defects

33
Q

when do we collect peak drug levels

A

shortly after dose

- except digoxin ( 8hrs to travel throughout tissues & reach equilibrium )

34
Q

what % of carboxyhemoglobin is in smokers

A

5-15%

35
Q

what do we use to collect a lead sample

A

royal blue with EDTA

36
Q

how do we treat patients who have overdosed on opiates

A

naloxone

37
Q

if a patient has monhydrate calcium oxalate crystals in urine and sheets of renal epithelial cells what might they have ingested

A

antifreeze ( ethylene glycol)

38
Q

what is the most common method to analyze ethanol in lab

A

enzymatic method ( ADH enzyme - alcohol dehydrogenase )

39
Q

when someone overdoses on acetaminophen what oxidant becomes depleted

A

glutathione

40
Q

how do we know the difference between a hemorrhage or traumatic tap in CSF

A

traumatic tap will fade

hemorrhage will remain blood throughout all tubes

41
Q

if a male had an icreased hcG what does that indicate

A

testicular cancer

42
Q

what tumor marker is for colorectal cancer

A

CEA - carcino embryonic antigen

43
Q

estrogen & progesterone receptors are used for information on what

A

breast cancer

44
Q

CA- 125

A

ovarian cancer

45
Q

what is the reference method for calcium

A

ASS atomic absorption spec

46
Q

what is the specimen of choice for ionized calcium

A

heparinized calcium

47
Q

exposure to air for ionied calcium

A

measured on a blood gas analyzer

decreases CO2 & Calcium - increase pH

48
Q

what is the most important factor in phosphate regulation

A

PTH

49
Q

when is lactate a by product

A

by product of the emergency mechanism that produces ATP when O2 delivery is severely decreased

pyruvate is the normal end product of glucose metabolism

when O2 is deficient
- pyruvate is converted to lacttae & only 2 mol of ATP is produced opposed to 38 ATP regularly

50
Q

early indicator of hypoxia

A

lactatein blood accumulates

51
Q

pre hepatic vs post hepatic

A

pre- urine bilirubin neg

post- urobilinogen neg

52
Q

What is the main reason for respiratory acidosis

A

COPD ( chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

53
Q

What kind of electrode does a blood gas analyzer use

A

Clarke electrode

Chemistry 2 (30 decks)

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