final review Flashcards
. A star test pattern is used to measure which of the following
FSS
Screen resolution
SID resolution
Timing
FSS
focal spot size
How can off focus radiation be minimized?
Restrict the beam at the source
The filtering effect of the tube’s glass envelope and oil are referred to As
inharent filtration
. Congruence of the x-ray beam with the light field is tested using _____
wisconsin test tool
Which of the following will not increase the average energy of the beam ( pick 2)
More filtration
Increase in kVp
Increase in mA
Grids
MA & grids
A backup timer on an AEC will do all of the following except pick 2
- Protect the patient from overexposure
- Protect the x-ray tube from excessive heat
- Increase or decrease the master density
- Harden the beam
- Increase or decrease the master density
* Harden the beam
. Star and wye configurations are related to
- Autotransformers
- 3 phase transformers
- Rectification systems
- AEC
3 phase transformers
. Which is not a characteristic of the x-ray tube?
- Target material should have a low atomic number and a low melting point
- The useful beam emerges from the port window
- The cathode assembly receives both high and low voltage
- The rotor & stator is an induction motor
*Target material should have a low atomic number and a low melting point
How many half value layers will it take to reduce a beam with intensity of 105 R/min to an intensity of less than 20 R/min 2 3 4 8
3
Vaporized tungsten deposited on the window of the glass envelope may do all of the following EXCEPT
*Act as an additional filter
*Reduce tube output
*Result in arcing
*Decrease the time of the exposure
*Decrease the time of the exposure
The absorption of useful radiation by a grid is called
grid cut off
. A wire mesh test is performed to diagnose screen ____
contact
Slow speed screens are used to :
- Minimize pt. dose
- Use short exp. time
- Image detail
- Image pediatric patients
image detail
Which of the following terms is used to describe unsharp edges of the image? Diffusion Mottle Blur Umbra
Blur
Boxes of film stored in too warm of an area may be subject to Static marks Fog Hi contrast Loss of density
fog
Which of the following is the correct order of radiographic film processing? 1. Developer, wash, fixer, dry 2. Developer, fixer, dry, wash 3.Fixer, developer wash, dry 4.Developer ,fixer, wash, dry
4. Developer Fixer Wash Dry
Which of the following is an abnormal intensifying screen action? Fluorescence Luminescence Speed Lag
lag
. A film emulsion having wide latitude is likely to exhibit High density Low density High contrast Low contrast
low contast
In which of the following examinations should 70 kVp not be exceeded? UGI BE IVP (IVU) Chest
IVP
. Distortion is caused by all of the following except T*ube angle *Position of part in body *Anode heel effect *kVp
kvp
Treelike, branching black marks on a radiograph are usually the result of
Acutely bending the film
Improper
development
Improper film storage
Static electricity
static
In classifying IV contrasts, the total number of dissolved particles in solution per kg of water defines? Toxicity Miscibility Osmolality Viscosity
osmolality
. Misalignment of the tube-part-film relationship results in: Shape distortion Size distortion Magnification Blur
shape distortion
. Using 48” SID, how much OID must be introduced to magnify an object 2 times
8” OID
12” OID
16” OID
24” OID
24” OID
Geometric blur can be evaluated using all the following devices except Star pattern Slit camera Penetrometer Pinhole camera
penetrometer
If you can’t reduce OID, what do you do to compensate? Use a small FSS Increase SID Use faster screens Use a lower grid ratio
increase SID
If films are damp out of the dryer, what might be the cause?
High air velocity
Uneven dev. temp
Not enough hardener
Under replenishment
not enough hardner
Greater latitude is available in which of the following circumstances?
Low kVp Fast speed systems High grid ratio Low grid ratio
low grid ratio
The line-focus principle expresses the relationship between
- Actual & effective focal spot
- Exposure & resulting OD
3,SID & resulting OD
4.Grid ratio & line per inch
1.
That portion of a CR cassette that records the image is the Emulsion Helium-neon laser PSP Scanner reader
PSP
Which of the following statements is false regarding DEXA scans?
- Radiation dose is low
- Only low energy is used
- Photon attenuation by bone is calculated
- *Only low energy is used
. A 15% increase in kVp & a 50% decrease in mAs will result in *Short scale contrast *Increased exposure latitude *Increased OD *Decreased recorded detail
*Increased exposure latitude
Using AEC, how is mAs adjusted as the film-screen combination speed is decreased?
mAs increases
mAs decreases
It is not changed
not changed
.The manubrial notch is at approximately the same level as the 1.T-5 2.T2-3 interspace 3.T4-5 interspace 4.Costal margin
2
Which Projection of the vertebral column best demonstrates kyphosis?
1.AP projection of the lumbar vertebral column
- AP projection of the thoracic vertebral column
- Lateral projection of the cervical vertebral column
4.Lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column
4.Lateral projection of the thoracic vertebral column
How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed if it is necessary to have the patient prone for a PA projection of the coccyx?
- 10 degrees caudad
- 10 degrees cephalad
- 15 degrees caudad
- 15 degrees cephalad
2.10 degrees cephalad
Which duct is formed by the union of the cystic duct with the common hepatic duct?
Pancreatic
Left hepatic
Right hepatic
Common bile
common bile duct
When visualized on a small bowel series radiograph, which structure usually indicates adequate demonstration of the entire small intestine? Cecum Jejunum Duodenum Transverse colon
cecum
Which suture joins a parietal bone with both a sphenoid bone and a temporal bone?
Sagittal
Coronal
Squamosal
Lambdiodal
squamosal
Where should the petrous ridges be seen in the image of the parietoacanthial projection of the facial bones?
- Superior to the orbits
- Lower third of the orbits
- Through the maxillary sinuses
- Below the maxillary sinuses
blow the maxillary sinus
. Which joint is an ellipsoid joint?
Interphalangeal Scapulohumeral Carpometacarpal Metacarpophalengeal
Metacarpophalengeal
name 3 examples of a hinge joint
- elbow
- knee
- ankle
**only permit flexion and extension
Which joint classification is the elbow?
Diarthrodial
Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Sutura
diarthrodial
freely movable
Which joint is a ball and socket joint? Radiocarpal Humeroulnar Scapulohumeral SC
scapulohumeral
How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the PA axial projection of the clavicle?
- 15 to 30 degrees caudad
- 15 to 30 degrees cephalad
- 25 to 35 degrees caudad
- 25 to 35 degrees cephalad
1
. For the lateral projection of the knee, how many degrees should the knee be flexed?
- 10 to 20 degrees
- 20 to 30 degrees
- 30 to 40 degrees
- 40 to 50 degrees
2
Which position factor determines the number of degrees the central ray should be angled for the tangential projection (Settegast method) to demonstrate the patella? Part thickness Degree of knee flexion Object-to-image distance SID
degree of knee flexion
The legal doctrine res ipsa loquitur means:
A matter settled by precedent
Matter settled by justice
The thing speaks for itself
Let the master answer
3 . The thing speaks for itself
Legal documents that are formulated by a competent person that provide written information concerning the patient’s desires if the patient is unable to make the decision on his or her own is defined as:
A Living Will
Advanced Directive
DNR
Durable Power Of Attorney For Health Care
advanced directive
Immature cells are referred to as all of the following except?
Undifferentiated Cells
Stem Cells
Genetic Cells
Young Cells
genetic cells
Medical and dental radiation accounts for what percentage of the general public’s exposure to human made radiation?
10%
50 %
75%
90%
90%
The Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau states that cells are more radiosensitive if they are all of the following except? Highly Proliferative Highly Undifferentiated Oxygen Deprived Immature
oxygen deprived
An increase in total filtration of the x-ray beam will increase? Beam HVL Patient Skin Dose Image Contrast Mr Output
Beam HVL
In fluoroscopy, the AEC adjusts the kVp and mA backup timer ma and time kvp and time
- kvp and mA
The voltage ripple associated with a 3-phase 6-pulse rectified generator is about
100 Percent
32 Percent
13 Percent
3 Percent
- 13%
Which of the following devices is used to control voltage by varying resistance?
Autotransofrmer
High-voltage Transformer
Rheostat
Fuse
Rheostat
Which of the following is used in digital fluoroscopy, replacing the image intensifier’s television tube?
- Solid-state Diode
- Charge-coupled Device
- Photostimulable Phosphor
- Vidicon
CCD
The device used to test the accuracy of the x-ray timer is
Densitometer
Sensitometer
Penetrometer
Spinning Top
Spinning top
Light-sensitive AEC devices are known as
Phototimers
Ionization Chambers
Sensors
Backup Timers
phototimers
The total number of x-ray photons produced at the target is contingent on all of the following except:
Tube current
Target material
Square of the kV
The size of the window opening
the size of the window opening
Which portions of the hip bone join to form the obturator foramen?
- Illium and pubis only
- Illium and ischium only
- Pubis and ischium only
- Pubis, ischium, and illuim
pubis and ishium only
Which vertebral structures are best demonstrated with the AP oblique projection of the lumbar vertebral column with the patient LPO?
- Intervertebral foramina
- Lumbar vertebral bodies in profile
- Zygapophyseal joints of the left side
- Zygapophyseal joints of the right side
3 z-joints on the left side
When performing the transthoracic lateral projection (Lawrence method) of the humerus, which breathing technique should be used to best improve the image contrast and decrease the exposure necessary to penetrate the body?
- Rapid breathing
- Shallow breathing
- Suspended full expiration
- Suspended full inspiration
4
Factors that can increase the potential for nosocomial infections include all of the following except?
Age
Inadequate rest and exercise
Health status
Gender
gender
What is the correct treatment for extravasation of contrast media during an IV injection?
1.Apply a hot compress
- Apply a cold compress
- Apply pressure to the vein until bleeding stops
- Remove the needle and locate a sturdier vein immediately
3
Where on the femur is the lesser trochanter located?
1.Lateral and anterior
- Lateral and posterior
- Medial and anterior
- Medial and posterior
medial and posterior
For the AP axial projection of the bladder, how many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed?
15 degrees caudal
15 degrees cephalic
25 degrees caudal
25 degrees cephalic
- 15 degrees caudal
Which two structures of the large intestine are demonstrated primarily with the PA oblique projection, LAO position?
- Left colic flexure and ascending colon
- Left colic flexure and descending colon
- Right colic flexure and ascending colon
- Right colic flexure and descending colon
- left colic flexure and descending colon
***** pt. is prone , side down will be seen
Which procedure should be performed to help demonstrated a diaphragmatic herniation (hiatal hernia)?
- Tilt the table to Fowler’s angulation
- Place the patient in the upright position
- Tilt the table to the Trendelenburg angulation
- Place the patient in the right lateral recumbent position
3
trendelenbug
How many degrees and in which direction should the central ray be directed for the lateral projection of the lumbar vertebral column when the lumbar vertebral column is not parallel with the table?
1.Perpendicular for males, 8 degrees caudad for females
- Perpendicular for females, 5 degrees caudad for males
- 5 degrees caudad for males, 8 degrees caudad for females
- 5 degrees caudad for females, 8 degrees caudad for males
3
Which of the following cell types has the least radiosensitivity in adult humans?
Nerve cells
Muscle cells
Speramtids
Lymphocytes
nerve cells
The interaction between ionizing radiation and the target molecule that is most likely to occur is the
direct effect
indirect effect
Target effect
random effect
Indirect
2
A Bucky slot cover must be at least:
- 0 .5 mm aluminum equivalent
- 0.25 mm aluminum equivalent
- 0 .5 mm lead equivalent
- 0 .25 mm lead equivalent
40 .25 mm lead equivalent
The ability of the incident photon to be transmitted depends on the
- Scatter
- Spatial resolution
- Atomic number and material
- Contrast resolution
- Atomic number and material
The skin response to radiation exposure that appears as hair loss is known as
Dry desquamation
Moist desquamation
Erythemia
Epilation
4 Epilation
Which of the following would most likely result in the greatest skin dose?
Short SID
High kVp
Increased filtration
Increased mA
short SID
The SSD in mobile radiography must be:
1.Minimum of 12”
- Maximum of 12”
- Minimum of 15”
- Maximum of 15”
- min. of 12”
The dose that will cause a noticeable skin reaction is referred to as the LET SSD SED SID
3 = SED
skin erythema dose
The process of “leveling and windowing” of digital images determines the image
Spatial resolution
Contrast
Pixel size
Matrix size
contrast
For the same FOV, spatial resolution will be improved using
Smaller matrix
Larger matrix
Fewer pixels
Faster screens
larger matrix
- smaller pixel size = better resolution
Which of the following pathologic conditions would require a decrease in exposure factors?
CHF
Pneumonia
Emphysema
Pleural effusion
emphysema
Materials that emit light when stimulated by x-ray photons are called
Ions
Electrodes
Crystals
Phosphors
phosphors
The continued emission of light by a phosphor after the activation source has ceased is termed
- Fluorescence
- Phosphorescence
- Image Intensification
- Quantum mottle
- Phosphorescence
Which of the following possess the widest dynamic range?
CR
high speed screens
slow speed screens
AEC
- CR
Changes in mA can affect all of the following except
- Quantity of x-ray photons produced
- Exposure rate
- Optical density
- Recorded detail
- Recorded detail
Which of the following has the greatest effect on radiographic density?
1. Aluminum filtration
- kVp
- SID
- scattered radiation
- SID
To demonstrate the glenoid fossa in profile, the patient is positioned?
1. 45 degrees oblique, affected side up
- 45 degrees oblique, affected side down
- 25 degrees oblique, affected side up
- 25 degrees oblique, affected side down
- 45 degrees oblique, affected side down
What percentage of x-ray attenuation does a 0.5 mm Pb equivalent apron at 75 kVp provide? 51% 66% 75% 88%
- 88%
Esophageal varices are best demonstrated in which position
recumbent
Which of the following vessel does not carry oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary artery
Coronary artery
Chordae tendineae
pulmonary artery
The medical term used to describe the vomiting of blood is
Hematemesis
Hemopytsis
Hematuria
Epistaxis
1 Hematemesis
A blowout fracture usually occurs in which aspect of the orbital wall?
Inferior
Lateral
Superior
Medial
- Inferior
The annual occupational dose limit for medical imaging personnel includes radiation from:
Medical x-rays Occupational exposure Background radiation 1 only 2 only 2 and 3 only 1, 2, and 3
2 only
