Final review Flashcards
1
Q
WBGT means…
A
wet bulb globe temp
2
Q
lighting vs high voltage electrical injuries
A
lightning is direct current
flashover current
3
Q
lightning strike categories
A
minor
moderate
severe
4
Q
this type of trauma can cause bleeding in the alveoli
A
blunt
5
Q
aphasia
A
cannot speak usually from stroke or head trauma
6
Q
rib fracture treatment
A
O2 pain meds? deep breaths sling arm on affected side? chest movement
7
Q
flail chest can be accompanied by…
A
pulmonary contusion
8
Q
drowning types
A
submersion
immersion
9
Q
time to get out of water before hypothermia
A
10 minutes
10
Q
long term immersion
A
greater than 10 minutes
11
Q
water rescue techniques
A
reach
throw
tow
row
12
Q
struggling generates more heat which is good or bad?
A
can be bad because then we lose more heat
13
Q
scuba down vs up
A
down squeeze
up overfill
14
Q
submersion
A
everything under
15
Q
immersion
A
water has splashed over face and airway creating risk of aspiration
16
Q
for ever _ child who drowns _ survive
A
1
3
17
Q
another name for barotrauma
A
squeeze
sinuses/gas filled cavities
18
Q
most common diving injury
A
middle ear squeeze
19
Q
organs in abdomen that bleed the most
A
solid so liver/spleen
20
Q
common penetrating
A
gunshot
stab wounds
21
Q
stab wounds in the abdomen are most likely to damage the…
A
liver
22
Q
gun shot wounds in the abdomen are most likely to damage the…
A
small intestine
23
Q
abdomen is divided into the…
A
peritoneal cavity
retroperitoneal space
24
Q
organs in the peritoneal cavity (true abdomen)
A
spleen liver gall bladder stomach transverse/sigmoid LI jejunum/ileum SI uterus/ovaries
25
organs in the retroperitoneal space
```
kidneys
ureters
IVF
AA
pancreas
duodenum
rectum
```
26
good MVC questions
type of collision
speed
vehicle damage
use of safety devices
27
good penetrating trauma questions
```
weapon used
number of injuries
distance from gun
blood loss
PMH
```
28
important thing to look for in anaphylaxis call
stingers if bee sting
| uses scissors to scrape them out
29
3 reasons for dehydration in the cold
cold induced diuresis (vasoconstriction)
sweat evaporation
heat/fluid loss from dry air
30
another name for solar keratitis
snow blindness
31
what are chilblains
nonfreezing cold injury that presents as itchy/tender skin lesions
32
NFCI injury categories
minimal
mild
moderate
severe
33
skin freezing temp
-2.2 not 0 because of the electrolytes
34
clear fluid blisters occur in what types of frost bite
1 and 2
35
hemorrhagic blisters occur in what type of frost bite
3 and 4
36
if transport is over 2 hours how hot is the water when treating frost bite
37-39C
37
hypothermia is core temp of __ and under
35C
38
important vital to check on hypothermic patients
BGL especially if patient is intoxicated
39
mild hypothermia
35-32C
| shivering
40
moderate hypothermia
32-28C
shivering stops
brad HR/RR
confusion
41
severe hypothermia
28-24C
coma
weak pulse
slow resp
42
profound
under 24
dead as hell
cardiac arrest
43
hypothermia treatment
prevent heat loss
remove from cold source
remove wet clothing
BGL
give warm fluids
high flow O2
44
hypothermia fluid temp when rewarming
42.8C
45
wound healing initial response
vessels release a chemical to constrict so less blood passes through the open wound
chemicals also attract platelets which form a platelet plug
46
t/f capillaries lack smooth muscle
T!
47
steps in wound healing
inflammation
epithelialization
neovascularization
collagen synthesis
48
what areas heal slower
areas subjected to repeated motion
49
high risk wounds
bites
| foreign body/organic matter in open wounds
50
3 types of wound closure
primary - closed right away
secondary - natural healing
tertiary - closed later
51
when should most open injuries be closed
6-8 hours after it occurred at the latest
52
necrotizing fasciitis
flesh eating disease
death of tissue from a bacterial infection
usually from streptococcus
very painful
53
closed wound
no break in the epidermis
contusion/ecchymosis
hematomas/edema
54
open wounds
disruption of the epidermis
more serious
contaminated/vulnerable to infection
potential for blood loss
55
abrasions
skin is rubbed/scraped over a rough surface
ooze/painful
don't clean out just cover with some sterile dressing
56
what generally heals better an incision or a laceration
incision as they are usually clean cuts / even wound margins
57
priority when treating lacerations
controlling the bleed
58
things to keep in mind with puncture wounds
internal bleeding/infection
consider the depth/speed of insertion
59
things to consider with avulsions
if the flap is in a position where it is losing its blood supply apply some normal saline and put in back in position
60
compartment syndrome
when hemorrhage/edema built up causing increased pressure within soft tissues
high risk with crush injuries
61
treatment for closed wounds PRICED
```
protect
rest
ice
compression
elevate
drugs
```
62
open wound treatment
control the bleeding
expose the injury
wash out debris (no picking it out)
cover with dry sterile dressing
63
how long until its called crush syndrome
when a part of the body is trapped for 4 hours
64
primary blast injuries
when the explosion first occurs
pressure wave develops
65
secondary blast injuries
blunt/penetrating wounds from flying debris
blast wind
66
tertiary blast injuries
injuries from being thrown on the ground or on other substances
displacement of the people involved
67
quaternary blast injuries
from burns
68
quinary blast injuries
chemicals
69
most common cause of shock
bleeding
70
hemorrhage means
bleeding
71
external hemorrhage
bleeding due to a break in the skin
72
capillary bleeds....
ooze
73
venous bleeds....
flow
74
artery bleeds...
spurt (less likely to clot)
75
internal hemorrhage
can be hard to diagnose
pay attention to pain/tenderness/tach/pale
good MOI assessment
76
controlled hemorrhage
responds to pressure
77
uncontrolled hemorrhage
peptic ulcer
78
blood volume is between _% to _% of our body weight
6 to 8
79
the body cannot tolerate the loss of more then __% of its total blood volume
20% (1L)
80
male blood per kilo
female blood per kilo
70ml/kg
65ml/kg
81
1 year old total blood volume
800mls
82
bleeding treatment
```
supine
hemostatic
high flow O2
tourniquet
direct pressure
IV maintain 80-90 systolic
```
83
trauma triad of death
hypothermia
coagulopathy (poor blood clotting)
acidosis
84
managing an external hemorrhage
apply direct pressure
elevate above heart (unless fractured)
apply pressure dressing
tourniquet if needed
85
what to do if you suspect a skull fracture?
lightly cover the head
86
manage internal hemorrhage
```
supine
O2
splint as needed
keep warm
large bore 250 bolus
pain meds
monitor/reassess
```
87
what happens if blood flow stops?
O2 delivery os disrupted
anaerobic metabolism
no where to eliminate waste
88
where is the heart located?
behind the sternum
89
how long does it take an artery to clot
5ish minutes
90
what happens to vessels when they are lacerated?
the open ends begin to narrow
91
what type of trauma is harder to diagnose
blunt
92
what type of trauma is more lethal
blunt
93
greatest concern with a pelvic fracture
internal haemorrhage
94
closed fracture
skin is not open to the bone
95
open fracture
skin is opened up and bone can be sticking out
96
osteomyelitis
inflammation/infection of the bone can be a result with bacteria getting into open fractures
97
first consideration when treating fractures
control the hemorrhage/treat for shock
98
type of wound coverage for exposed bone/open fractures
moist sterile dressing
99
best position for splinting
anatomical position
100
things to remember when splinting
add padding
remove things like jewelry
check distal pulses
consider elevating
101
a dislocation in a separation of 2 ____ at the joint
bones
102
traction splints are most commonly used for...
femur shaft fractures
maintain in line traction to help realign fractures
103
formable splints are most commonly used for...
ankle, wrist and long bone injuries
104
rigid splints are most commonly used for...
long bone injuries
these types of splints can't be moved/bent
105
management of dislocations
should be splinted in the position found
106
multisystem trauma patients
use the backboard
life takes precedence over limb
107
what is compartment syndrome
occurs when blood supply is cut off to an extremity due to increased pressure in the limb
108
2 most common causes of compartment syndrome
hemorrhage from a fracture/vascular injury
third space edema when a once ishemic muscle is reprofused
109
early signs of compartment syndrome
pain that doesn't resolve with treatment
altered sensation
110
3 classic signs of compartment syndrome
pulselessness
pallor
paralysis
111
T/F elevation is needed when suspecting compartment syndrome
F!
112
brown sequard syndrome
hemi transection involving 1 side
113
central cord syndrome
hyperextension of the cervical area
114
anterior cord syndrome
from boney fragments or pressures of the anterior spinal cord
115
contraindications to realigning the head into a neutral line position
```
resistance
muscle spasm in neck
increased pain
airway compromise
neuro deficits ex tingling
```
116
spinal injuries are more common in....
men aged 16 - 35
117
most common spinal injury cause
```
MVC
falls
penetrating injuries
sport injuries
other...
```
118
spinothalamic tract
ascending
| pain and temp on different sides
119
posterior columns
ascending
postion/vibration
same side
120
pyramidal tract
descending
motor function
same side
121
pancreas exocrine part function
secrete digestive enzymes
122
small intestine parts
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
