Final- Regional Neuroanatomy Part 1 Flashcards by Levi Juarez

A positional word that means near the front end of the body, especially in the region of the nose and mouth
A. caudal
B. rostral
C. caudad
D. cephalad

B. Rostral

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A positional word that means at or near the tail or the posterior part of the body
A. cephalad
B. rostral
C. caudad
D. distal

C. Caudal/Caudad

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A word used to refer to something superior and anterior of the body:
A. caudad
B. proximal
C. caudal
D. cephalad

D. cephalad

similar to rostral

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Describe the anatomical position: select 3.
A. palms out to the posterior plane
B. standing straight up
C. palms out to the anterior plane
D. supine
E. thumbs extend laterally
F. thumbs folded distally

B. Standing up straight and face forward!
C. Palms out on the anterior plane
E. Thumbs extend laterally

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A word that describes something sensory in the periphery; something that might feel pain.
A. efferent
B. rami
C. cutaneous
D. distal

C. Cutaneous

The other conduction in the peripheral system will be motor.

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What describes bundles of neurons and axons outside the CNS vs inside the CNS?
A. rami; roots
B. nerves; tracts
C. tracts; nerves
D. rootlets; roots

B. outside CNS = Nerves
inside CNS = tracts

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T/F: Ganglia is a collection of cell bodies within CNS.

False - gangia are Bundles of cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system

nuclei = bundles of cell bodies within the Central NS

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___ come out of cord and come together to make a root.
A. ganglia
B. nerves
C. rootlets
D. rami

C. Rootlets

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Where is the spinal ganglion located?
A. within the posterior root
B. within the anterior root
C. within the grey matter
D. within the trunks

A. Within the posterior root

spinal ganglia are technically considered part of CNS even tho “ganglia” is in the name

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The junction of the posterior root and anterior root is called the ____.
A. spinal ganglion
B. spinal ramus
C. spinal roots
D. spinal nerve

D. spinal nerve - This is the start of the Peripheral Nervous System

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The anterior of the spinal cord will be connected to the ____ system.
A. afferent
B. sensory
C. motor

C. Motor (Efferent)

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The posterior of the spinal cord will be connected to the ____ system.
A. efferent
B. sensory
C. motor

B. Sensory (Afferent)

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The first projection off of the spinal nerve is called:
A. anterior ramus
B. posterior ramus
C. posterior root
D. anterior root

B. Posterior Ramus - primarily serves as a sensory component

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The part of the spinal nerve that projects anterior and lateral (and is larger than the other) is called:
A. anterior ramus
B. posterior ramus
C. anterior root
D. posterior root

A. Anterior Ramus - serves as a motor output, sensory input, and branch of the autonomic nervous system.

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How does the Anterior Ramus connect to the sympathetic chain ganglion? select 2.
A. white ramus communicans
B. white matter
C. gray ramus communicans
D. gray matter

A. White Ramus Communicans (distal)
C. Gray Ramus Communicans (proximal)

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What is important to note about the sacral spinal nerve projections?

A. anterior rami go out the anterior sacral foramen, while posterior rami protrude out the posterior sacral foramen
B. anterior rami go out the posterior sacral foramen while posterior rami protrude out the anterior sacral foramen
C. anterior rami are smaller than posterior rami in this area
D. posterior rami are larger

A. anterior rami go out the anterior sacral foramen while posterior rami protrude out the posterior sacral foramen

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Explain why the left sympathetic chain is more posterior and lateral on the spinal column than the right.

Aorta sits on the left side of vertebral body which pushes left sympathetic chain ganglia more posteriorly and laterally during development.

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What are the 2 branches of the posterior ramus?

Medial branch of the Posterior Rami
Lateral branch of the Posterior Rami

don’t extend as far out as the anterior ramus

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The anterior ramus wraps all the way around body to the sternum. What are the 2 branches of the anterior ramus?

Anterior Cutaneous Branch - at the front midline of chest
Lateral Cutaneous Branch - at the sides and extends both anteriorly & posteriorly to parts that the posterior ramus doesn’t reach

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What is another name for the anterior ramus?

Intercostal nerve

usually sits inferior its corresponding rib

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The nerves that come out below the last ribs/lower than the ribcage are called:
A. posterior rami
B. subcostal nerves
C. intercostal nerves
D. anterior cutaneous branches

B. subcostal nerves

6 pairs of subcostal nerves

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Spinal nerve C8 exits from ___ (above/below) vertebrae C7.

Below

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Spinal nerve C1 through C7 exit from _______ (above/below) its corresponding cervical vertebrae.

Above

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The thoracic spinal nerves T1 to T12 exit from ___ (above/below) the corresponding thoracic vertebrae.

Below

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The spinal nerves L1 to L5 exit from ___ (above/below) the corresponding lumbar vertebrae.

* Below

How many spinal nerve pairs: - Cervical - Thoracic - Lumbar - Sacral - Coccygeal

* 8 pairs of Cervical Spinal Nerves * 12 pairs of Thoracic Spinal Nerves * 5 pairs of Lumbar Spinal Nerves * 5 pairs of Sacral Spinal Nerves * 1 pair of Coccygeal Spinal Nerves * 31 pairs **total**

Label 1

* Posterior Rootlets

Label 2

* Posterior Root (with spinal ganglion)

Label 3

* Spinal Nerve

Label 4

* Posterior Ramus

Label 5

* Anterior Ramus

Label 6

* Gray Ramus Communicans

Label 7

* White Ramus Communicans

Label 8

* Sympathetic ganglion

Label 10

* Anterior Root

Label 11

* Anterior Rootlets

Label 1

Anterior cutaneous branch of anterior rami

Label 2

Lateral Cutaneous Branch of anterior rami

Label 3

Anterior Ramus

Label 5

Medial Branch of posterior ramus

Label 6

Lateral Branch of posterior ramus

Label 7

Posterior Ramus ## Footnote first projection off spinal nerve

Label 1

Posterior Ramus ## Footnote first projection of spinal nerve

Label 2

* Anterior Ramus (Intercostal Nerve)

Label 3

Lateral Cutaneous Branch of anterior ramus

Label 4

Anterior Cutaneous Branch of anterior ramus

Label 1

Medial branch of posterior rami

Label 2

Lateral cutaneous branch of posterior rami

Label 3

Superior clunial nerve (posterior rami L1-L3)

Label 4

Middle clunial nerve (posterior rami S1-S3)

Label 5

Supraclavicular nerve (C3-C4)

Label 6

Axillary nerve (C5 - C6)

Label 7

lateral cutaneous branch of intercostal nerves (anterior rami)

Label 8

Iliohypogastric nerve (L1)

What is the dermatome landmark of T4?

Nipple Line

What is the dermatome landmark of T6?

Xiphoid Process

What is the dermatome landmark of T10?

Umbilicus

The anterior roots of C3, C4, and C5 combine and form the ___ nerve.

Phrenic Nerve

Spinal Nerves C3 - C7 will exit the spine ___ (above or below) the vertebrae C3-C7.

Above ## Footnote *and then C8 will just come out below C7.*

The Greater Occipital Nerve originates from spinal nerve ___.

Spinal Nerve C2 (posterior ramus)

The 3rd Occipital Nerve originates from spinal nerve ___.

Spinal Nerve C3 (posterior ramus)

What nerve will provide sensory innervation to the top of the shoulder? A. infraclavicular B. supraclavicular C. transverse cervical D. lateral branch of supraclavicular

Supraclavicular Nerve (C3-C4) ## Footnote *anterior ramus of C3-C4*

The Suboccipital Nerve originates from spinal nerve ___.

Spinal Nerve C1 (posterior ramus)

Where does the suboccipital nerve provide sensory innervation to?

* It doesn't. **It is PURELY MOTOR.** * This nerve (C1) is not part of the cutaneous innervation = **No dermatome for C1**

Label 1

Lesser occipital nerve (C2)

Label 2

Suboccipital nerve (C1)

Label 3

Great auricular nerve (C2-C3)

Label 4

Greater occipital nerve (C2)

Label 5

3rd Occipital Nerve (C3)

Label 6

Supraclavicular Nerve (C3-C4)

The trapezius muscle is used as an accessory muscle for ventilation. It receives motor innervation from what nerve? A. CN IX B. CN XII C. CN XI D. CN X

C. Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

What are the accessory muscles of *exhalation*? Select 2. A. sternocleidomastoid B. abdominal muscles C. trapezius D. latissimus dorsi E. external and internal obliques

B. Abdominal Muscles E. External Obliques & Internal Obliques

Label 1

Supraclavicular Nerve (C3-C4)

Label 2

Anterior cutaneous branches of anterior rami

Label 3

* Lateral cutaneous branch of anterior ramus

Label 4

Intercostal nerves / anterior rami

Label 5

Iliohypogastric Nerve

Posterior Ramus C1 Nerve: Sensory Function: Motor Function:

Posterior Ramus C1 Nerve: Suboccipital Nerve Sensory Function: No C1 dermatome Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles

Posterior Ramus C2 Nerve: Sensory Function: Motor Function:

Posterior Ramus C2 Nerve: Greater occipital nerve Sensory Function: "V" on back of head Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles ## Footnote ignore the red square (that's 3rd occipital)

Posterior Ramus C3 Nerve: Sensory Function: Motor Function:

Posterior Ramus C3 Nerve: 3rd occipital nerve Sensory Function: bottom of the "V" that greater occipital nerve innervates... see red square Motor Function: Innervates Intrinsic Nuchal Muscles

What are the four nerves of the cervical plexus?

* Lesser occipital nerve (C2) * Great auricular nerve (C2-C3) * Transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3) * Supraclavicular nerve (C3-C4) | *plexus is a collection of nerves.* ## Footnote arise from the *anterior rami* of spinal nerve C2, C3, or C4.

Where does the transverse cervical nerve provide sensory innervation? A. below the ear B. back of head and makes a "V" dermatome C. back of neck D. anterior medial part of the neck

D. Anterior medial part of the neck

What is the origin of the transverse cervical nerve?

Spinal Nerves C2-C3

What is the origin of the great auricular nerve?

Spinal Nerves C2-C3

What is the origin of the lesser occipital nerve?

Spinal Nerve C2

Where does the lesser occipital nerve provide sensory information? A. occipital protuberance B. lateral neck to right above the earlobe C. back of neck D. back of head, makes a "V" shaped dermatome

B. lateral neck to right above the earlobe

Label the nerves of the cervical plexus 1-4.

1: Lesser occipital nerve (C2) 2: Great auricular nerve (C2-C3) 3: Transverse cervical nerve (C2-C3) 4: Supraclavicular nerve (C3-C4)

What neck muscle does the phrenic nerve sit on? A. middle scalene B. interscalene C. anterior scalene D. sternocleidomastoid

C. Anterior Scalene Muscle

Where are the two *proximal* connection points of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

Connection points on the sternum (sterno-) and on the clavicle (cleido-)

What are the spinal nerves that contribute to the brachial plexus? *and are they anterior or posterior rami?*

* anterior rami of Spinal Nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1

What is the potential space between the anterior and middle scalene muscle called? Why is this potential space important?

* Interscalene space * This space can be utilized to perform a scalene brachial plexus block (like for shoulder surgeries)

List the trunks of the brachial plexus.

* Upper: Rami C5 and C6 * Middle: Rami C7 * Lower: Rami C8 and T1

how many divisions does the brachial plexus have? and what are they?

* 6 Divisions - each trunk forms one anterior and one posterior division. * **3 Posterior Divisions** form the *Posterior Cord* * **2 Anterior Divisions from C5 - C7** form the *Lateral Cord* * **1 Anterior Division from C8 - T1** form *Medial Cord*

What components are in the supraclavicular regions of the brachial plexus?

* Anterior Rami (C5-T1) * The Trunks (Upper, Middle, Lower) * The Divisions (3 anterior and 3 posterior divisions)

What components are in the infraclavicular regions of the brachial plexus? A. divisions B. trunks C. rami D. cords

D. cords - Lateral Cord, Posterior Cord and Medial Cord

The posterior cord splits to give us what two nerves? select 2. A. axillary B. median C. ulnar D. radial

A. Axillary nerve D. Radial nerve

The lateral cord splits to give us what two nerves? select 2. A. a portion leading up to median nerve B. musculocutaneous C. ulnar D. radial

A. Lateral Root of the Median nerve B. Musculocutaneous nerve

The lateral root *from lateral cord* will combine with the median root *from medial cord* to form what nerve? A. ulnar B. radial C. median D. musculocutaneous

C. Median Nerve

The medial cord splits to give us what two nerves? A. musculocutaneous B. ulnar C. radial D. portion of the median nerve

B. Ulnar Nerve D. Median Root (a portion of the median nerve)

What two nerves does the median nerve sit between?

* Ulnar Nerve * Radial Nerve

What are the spinal nerve origins of axillary nerve?

C5 - C6

Spinal nerve origins of radial nerve?

* C5 * C6 * C7 * C8 * T1 ## Footnote *LARGEST NERVE OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS*

spinal nerve origins of the ulnar nerve?

* C7 * C8 * T1 ## Footnote 3rd largest nerve of brachial plexus

spinal nerve origins of median nerve?

* C6 * C7 * C8 * T1 ## Footnote 2nd largest nerve of brachial plexus

spinal nerve origins of musculocutaneous nerve?

* C5 * C6 * C7

What sensory branch is innervated by the *axillary* nerve? A. inferior medial brachial cutaneous B. inferior lateral brachial cutaneous C. superior lateral brachial cutaneous D. superior medial brachial cutaneous

C. Superior lateral brachial cutaneous *(lateral deltoid*)

The lateral superior thumb and lateral anterior biceps/triceps are provided sensory innervation by the ___ nerve. A. ulnar B. radial C. median D. musculocutaneous

B. radial nerve

What are the posterior cutaneous regions innervated by the radial nerve?

* Lateral Posterior Triceps * Middle Posterior Forearm * Posterior Thumb and First 2 Fingers

What is the sensory branch innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve? A. inferior lateral brachial cutaneous nerve B. medial antebrachial cutaneous Nerve C. lateral antebrachial cutaneous Nerve D. posterior brachial cutaneous nerve

C. Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve *(anterior lateral forearm)* * and a very small part of the posterior forearm

The medial palmer surface of last 2 fingers and anterior medial wrist are innervated by anterior cutaneous branches of what nerve? A. median B. ulnar C. radial D. musculocutaneous

B. ulnar nerve

The *posterior* cutaneous regions innervated by the ulnar nerve include: select 2. A. lateral posterior wrist B. medial posterior wrist C. posterior fingertips of first two digits D. most of the last 2 fingers

B. Medial Posterior Wrist D. Most of the last 2 Fingers

Posterior fingertips of first two digits are innervated by branch of the ___ nerve. A. median B. radial C. ulnar D. musculocutaneous

A. median

The anterior cutaneous regions innervated by the median nerve includes: select 3. A. anterior forearm B. most of the palm C. anterior lateral wrist D. anterior thumb and anterior surface of first 2 fingers E. small section of anterior wrist F. anterior pinky

B. Most of the palm D. Anterior thumb & Anterior surface of first two fingers E. Small section of the anterior wrist