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PSYC 471 > Final Readings > Flashcards

Final Readings Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the difference in being autonomous vs being controlled

A
  • autonomous = authentic

- controlled = alienated

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2
Q

What are the two types of controlled behaviour?

A
  • Compliance/conformity = what authoritarian solutions hope to accomplish, means doing what you are told to do because you are told to do it
  • Defiance/rebellion = to do the opposite of what you are expected to do just because you are expected to do it
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3
Q

What does authenticity mean?

A

Behaving autonomously, means being true to one’s action, acting in accord with one’s true inner self
- key is integration

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4
Q

What is integration?

A

the degree to which various self-aspects are brought into harmony with the person’s innate core self

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5
Q

What are one up/one down relationships?

A

relationships with differentials in status, power or control like parents and children or managers and workers, teacher student, doctor patient etc.

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6
Q

What determines the impact of a reward?

A

The intention/style/location of the person who is administering the reward

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7
Q

What type of reward will not be seen as controlling?

A

if it is an indicator of accomplishment

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8
Q

Explain the concept of personal causation

A

the key to intrinsic motivation is the desire to be the origin of one’s own action rather than a pawn manipulated by external forces

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9
Q

What is behaviourism?

A

deliver rewards for a specific and identifiable behavior and focus on rewards rather than punishment, be consistent in delivering the rewards
- assume that there is no inherent motivation to learn

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10
Q

What is instrumental reason?

A

everything is evaluated in terms of cost-benefit ratio (society today)

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11
Q

What are the problems with using rewards and controls to motivate people?

A
  • The good behavior will only last as long as the rewards continue
  • People will attempt to take the shortest/quickest path
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12
Q

What are the 2 main types of contexts that can turn a vital life into a disaffected one?

A
  1. Social contexts that are extremely inconsistent or chaotic (amotivation)
  2. Controlling environments that demand pressure (automatons)
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13
Q

Why have totalitarian, central-planning systems been remarkably ineffective in motivating their workers?

A

Because they lack meaningful contingencies/behavior-outcome linkages

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14
Q

What are instrumentalities?

A

the linkages that allow people to see behavior-outcome relationships

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15
Q

Extrinsic rewards are intended to elicit:

A

efficiency

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16
Q

Why do extrinsic contingencies exist?

A

so people keep their jobs and ideally get promotions

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17
Q

Extrinsic behaviour only works when:

A

only works as a motivator when it is clear what behaviors are expected and what outcomes will result

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18
Q

Extrinsic contingencies typically specify:

A

competency requirements

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19
Q

Explain the difference between praising males and females

A

Praising males increased intrinsic motivation, praising females decreased their intrinsic motivation
- Women got “hooked” on the praise, whereas males signified they were competent and were propelled
Why?
- Women were taught that being competent was not as important as it was for men but developed hypersensitivity to praise because women have been taught to make praise a more central aspect of human discourse
- Hypersensitivity led to women experiencing praise as control,

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20
Q

Explain the difference between controlling, non-controlling, and ambiguous praise

A
  • Non-controlling: will enhance people’s intrinsic motivation
  • Controlling: it will diminish intrinsic motivation
  • Ambiguous with respect to whether or not it is controlling: males and females interpret it differently
21
Q

What are extrinsic contingencies?

A

people’s tendency to derive self-esteem by meeting socially (versus personally) defined standards

22
Q

What is the organismic integration principle?

A

the movement toward greater consistency and harmony within is inherent in the nature of human development

23
Q

What is the central feature of development?

A

integration

24
Q

What is essential for the teenagers integrity and well being?

A

a willing, volitional dependence on parents (rather than a strong independence from them)

25
Q

What are socializing agents?

A

parents, teachers, managers, etc

26
Q

What are the cases where introjection doesn’t work?

A
  • rigid, dutiful compliance

- when a person’s tendency to defy overcomes them and leads to rebellion

27
Q

Why do people confuse autonomy support and permissiveness?

A

People find it hard to admit they are permissive

28
Q

What is the book’s approach to internalization?

A

Humans are imbued with the tendency and energy to grow and develop in accord with their psychological needs

  • Sees internalization as proactive process in which the developing child transforms external prompts into internal prompts
  • Something done by the individual, not TO them
29
Q

What gives energy for integrating a regulation?

A

People’s need for autonomy and to be a causal agent in their self-management

30
Q

What does autonomous functioning require?

A

requires that an internalized regulation be accepted as your own

31
Q

What is the practice of sensory awareness?

A

an approach to allowing one’s inner functioning, coming more into contact with who one really is - to develop a deeper sense of inner peace grater sensitivity to their surroundings

32
Q

What is ego involvement?

A

the process of peoples feelings of worth being dependent upon specified outcomes
- gain power over people because it is accompanied by contingent self esteem

33
Q

What is the difference between true self-esteem and contingent self-esteem?

A

True self esteem: represents a sound and stable sense of oneself builds on a solid foundations of believing in one’s worth as a human being

Contingent self-esteem: when people are pressured and controlled to achieve particular outcomes their self-esteem dependent on how things turn out

34
Q

What is un-contingent positive regard?

A

basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does

35
Q

What is the Modern psychologists and sociologists view on the self and society?

A

Whatever this social world programs us to be that is what constitutes the self

36
Q

What is the common approach to discipline?

A

making the provision of love acceptance and esteem contingent upon people behaving in a certain way

37
Q

What is the difference between individualism and autonomy?

A

Individualism: you are looking out just for yourself, you are not acting for the common good.

Autonomy: feeling a true willingness to behave responsibly in accord with your interests and values
- requires SELF-KNOWLEDGE

38
Q

What is a central feature of being autonomy supportive?

A

Providing choices

  • sharing the authority/power of your one up position.
  • Allow people to make decisions about issues that concern only them
  • Share decision making with the group
39
Q

What are the advantages of allowing choice?

A
  1. Decisions will be of higher quality
  2. Enhances intrinsic motivation
  3. More satisfying job and more positive responses
40
Q

When is it NOT good to include choice?

A

When the decision is:

  1. too stressful
  2. wouldn’t be appropriate for people to decide due to their level of maturation
  3. when secrecy is necessary
  4. when a decision needs to be made quickly
41
Q

What does purposive mean in terms of human behaviour?

A

Motivated behavior is directed towards outcomes.

- People behave when they expect they can attain goals

42
Q

How do group discussions help?

A
  1. Set up optimal goals
  2. Good for reflection
  3. Encourages us to take on new challenges
  4. Enhances motivation to attain goals
  5. Provides a standard against which performance can be compared
43
Q

What are optimal evaluations?

A

where we evaluate our OWN performance against standards we set ourselves and commit to

44
Q

What do we have to do in order for limits to not undermine autonomy?

A
  1. If one person’s choices infringe on another’s, the group as a whole should discuss the issue and set limits.
  2. Avoid controlling language.
  3. Acknowledge the resistance people may feel.
  4. Let them understand the reason for the limits.
  5. Make the limits as wide as possible and allow choice within them.
  6. Set consequences that are proportionate to the transgressions and follow through.
45
Q

What do group discussions allow people to think about?

A

people can think about what they are doing, what they should be able to accomplish and what obstacles may lay ahead

46
Q

What are introjected regulatory processes?

A
  • Controls emotion-motivated behaviour

- Some introjects suppress emotions altogether which can have bad consequences

47
Q

What are standards that may limit people’s autonomy?

A
  1. Ego involvement

2. Being happy

48
Q

What is true freedom?

A

Involves balance b/w being proactive in dealing with one’s environment and being respectful of it

49
Q

What is true responsibility?

A

Requires that people act autonomously in relating to the world around and that they behave authentically on behalf of some general good

PSYC 471 (4 decks)

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