Final Flashcards
What is intrinsic motivation?
- Our natural propensity to engage our interests and exercise our capacities
- Acting volitionally, without being rewarded or threatened
What is a paradigm?
systematic way of observing and studying some phenomenon
What is cognitive evaluation theory?
The extent to which a coach or teacher helps you feel autonomous or competent about doing an activity will increase your intrinsic motivation
What are the 3 possible meanings that external events can have?
- Informational
- Controlling
- Amotivating
What instructional practices promote reading motivation (and comprehension)?
- Encouraging choice
- Providing interesting, relevant texts
- Facilitating social interaction around books
- Using hands-on activities to spark interests
How do you find intrinsic motivation for reading again?
- Look for the spark of interest
- Don’t judge your reading (try different formats)
- Trust that intrinsic motivation will lead to challenge
What is praise?
to commend the worth of someone’s behaviour or to express approval or admiration
Praise will act as reinforcement only if it is:
- Contingent (close in time)
- Specific
- Credible (sincere, varied, and believable)
Explain teacher communications (percentages)
- 5% praise
- 10% criticism
What is positive guidance?
generalized praise that is agreeable
What is a transition ritual?
meaningless, just used as a transition
What is a balance for criticism?
to correct behaviour/compliment sandwich
What is harmful praise?
- Attempted vicarious reinforcement – using someone as a model for everyone else
- Student-elicited stroking – teacher’s pet (reinforcing teachers so they praise them more)
What is positive praise?
Spontaneous expression of surprise or admiration – contingent, spontaneous, and credible
What are the two views on the sandwich technique?
Positive: - Improves performance - Reduces conflict - Creates autonomy Negative: - Doesn’t get the message across - Lets you off the hook - People only focus on the positive things you said, since it’s the last thing they heard
What is the right way to do the sandwich technique?
- Start with empathy
- Either tell them what they did wrong or ask how they think it went
What is process praise?
emphasizing children’s effort, strategies, or specific actions
What is person praise?
indicates that the child had a fixed, positive quality
- ex: “let’s show her how smart you are”
What is change-oriented feedback?
empathy – process – empathy
What is corrective feedback?
Indicates behaviours that need to be modified so that athlete can achieve their goals
- Show empathy with challenge
- Choice of solutions to correct problems
- Free from person-related statements
- Given in a considerate tone of voice
- End with empathy about the difficulty of changing ingrained habits
What are Brophy’s recommendations regarding praise?
- Get kids to set goals for themselves
- Distinguish performance feedback from praise
- Provide neutral information about what they’re doing
What are the 5 functions of commitment?
- Enjoyment
- Involvement opportunities
- Personal investments
- Involvement alternatives
- Social constraints
What are skills needed for 21st century jobs?
collaboration and cooperation (not competition)
What were the characteristics of the Reeve and Deci study on controlled competition?
- Mediators: how competent and controlled you feel
- Missing condition: non-controlled lose (because of ethics)
What is the PISA test?
conceptual learning test, not rote learning
What are the characteristics of Singapore schools?
- More standards
- More homework
- More emphasis on math and science
- Longer days and year
- High stakes testing
- Highly value teaching as a profession
What are US trends in education?
- more standards
- more homework
- more emphasis on math and science
- more classes for gifted
- longer days and year
- uniforms
- merit pay for teachers and students
What is the Finland education system like?
- age 7 school start
- same teacher for 3 years
- no grades until age 12
- no gifted classes
- no uniforms
- teacher by first name
- no special prizes or rewards
- recess every hour
What are the 3 different school structures?
- Competition: people attain their goals only if others do not
- Cooperative: people attain their goals only when others do also
- Individualism: people attain their goals without affecting the goal attainment of others
What are controlling behavioural indicators?
- Emphasize evaluation
- Emphasize high standards
- Direct and give answers
- Emphasize competition
What are autonomy supportive behavioural indicators?
- Listened more
- Encourage
- Allocated time for independent work
- Show interest in what they were learning
What is a modern arranged marriage?
choice to allow parents to pick marital partner
What is a non-autonomous arranged marriage?
no choice, therefore not as positive of an outcome
What is the success difference between love and arranged marriages?
- Love marriage: first 7 years at a high level of happiness, then drops
- Arranged marriage: low levels of happiness, but over 7 years it increases and stays high
What is Deci’s perspective on culture and autonomy?
Thinks autonomy is separate from culture, and has more to do with what you endorse and stand behind
What is Cultural internalization?
process by which cultural beliefs and practices are adopted by the individual and then enacted in the absence of immediate contingencies or constraints
Explain Deci and Ryan’s theory of internalization
(1) Children are willing and even active participants in the process
(2) There are different processes by which internalization occur
- introjection
- identification and integration
(3) These different internalization processes result in qualitatively different styles of self-regulation
(4) The social context influences which internalization process and regulatory style occurs
What is introjection?
Taking in a value or regulatory process but not accepting it as one’s own (no willing endorsement)
- More likely when parents are very heavy-handed and authoritative
What is identification and integration?
Fully assimilating a regulation with one’s core sense of self (willing endorsement)
- When parents are autonomy supportive
What is cultural relativism?
The principle that an individual’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual’s own culture
- Ex: bride abduction in Kyrgyzstan – westerners will never understand
What are Farah’s indications of growing up in a poor family?
- Don’t own home
- Move frequently
- Single parent
- Live with relatives
- Public assistance
- Food stamps
- Charity clothes
- Exposure to violence and drugs
What is allostatic load?
the biological effect of stress on our hormones, physiological functioning, and brain development
What is scaffolding?
Taking something a child has learnt and taking it to the next level, offering support as needed
- key for child learning development
What are the two growth processes of self-determination theory?
- Intrinsic motivation – only emerges when kids are in safe environments and securely attached relationships with important people
- Internalization – impoverished children have a big deficit in this
What are the 3 critical features of the development of child expertise in a family?
- Child-centered
- Achievement-oriented
- Responsibility training
What are the number of words heard at 4 in different types of families?
- Professional family: 45 million
- Working class: 26 million
- Welfare: 13 million
What are the key features of hyperparenting?
- Ego-involvement in child’s goals
- Micro-managing child’s development
- Over-scheduling of enrichment activities
What was the mediating mechanism on this study: poor NC community in which family income was raised by casino royalties
The amount of time parents had to supervise their children
- Parents who moved out of poverty reported having more time to spend with their children
What are the mediating mechanisms on this study: wealthy kids are more likely to score higher on depression, anxiety, and substance abuse
Excessive parental pressure for achievement – parents emphasize accomplishments vs character and wellbeing
What is the American Dream?
• The ideal that every US citizen should have an equal opportunity to achieve
What are the core values of the Amish “simple life”?
- Community and family
- Humility
- Religion
What are intrinsic aspirations naturally oriented towards?
- Close relationships
- Community involvement
- Personal growth
What are extrinsic aspirations naturally oriented towards?
- Money (rewards?)
- Fame (competition?)
- Appealing image (praise?)
What are extrinsic aspirations?
depend on contingent reaction of others and are typically engaged in as a means to an end
What are intrinsic aspirations?
expressive of natural growth tendencies and are likely to satisfy basic psychological needs
How many smokers:
- say they want to quit
- say they want to quit now
- try to quit each year
- go for more intensive services
- 70% of smokers say want to quit
- 20-30% say they want to quit now
- 40% try to quit each year
- 20% go for more intensive services
How does counselling help with smoking?
- Preparing for quit date
- Learning to tolerate the withdrawal effects
- Learning to deal with stress
How does medication help smokers wanting to quit?
Reduces withdrawal symptoms
What are the 2 key motivational concepts in motivating patients?
- Autonomous motivation: feeling a sense of volition and choice in one’s behaviour
- Autonomy support: take and acknowledge patient’s perspectives, provides choices, providing meaningful rationale
What are specific things a doctor should do to facilitate autonomy support?
- Make eye contact
- Ask open-ended questions
- Listen carefully
- Do not interrupt
- Encourage initiation and involvement
- Provide a rationale for your suggestions
What are the 4 As in motivational interviewing?
- Ask – 3Qs
- Advise
- Assist
- Arrange (follow-up)
What are the most common reasons for not taking medication?
- Illness causes fewer symptoms than medication
- Incapable of changing habits (no drinking)
- Demands of work and family life
How many patients did Dr. Ross have and how many were smokers?
5,000 patients, 10% smokers
How many smoking patients did he have before and after the ultimatum?
Had 500 smoking patients and after ultimatum only heard from 33
What percentage of adults smoke nationally?
25% of adults smoke
A smoker reduces their life by how many years?
14.5 years
How many participants quit smoking in the Williams study on motivational interviewing?
10% of participants had quit smoking continually through 18 months
Who is most likely to have anorexia?
Non-white, low SES teens
- Used to be white upper-class, but not as much anymore
- Growing rate for boys
At what age does anorexia start?
12 or 13
What is the prevalence of anorexia?
1%
What are early signs of anorexia?
- Preoccupation with food, weight, and calories
- Rigidity and rituals around eating
- Avoidance of family meals
- Denial of hunger
- Excessive exercise
- More angry, quiet, depressed (a shell of what they used to be)
What are the health consequences of anorexia?
- Low body temperature
- Abnormally low heart rate
- Low blood pressure
- Loss of periods
- Muscle loss and weakness
- Cardiac complications
- Osteoporosis
What are treatment challenges to anorexia?
- Denial (they don’t think anything is wrong with them –> Ego-syntonic)
- Minimization
- Secrecy
- Lack of motivation to recover
What is the Family-based treatment (The Maudsley Approach)?
• No blame for ill teen
• Separation of disorder and adolescent (externalizing the illness)
- helps to remove anxiety and guilt from parents
What are the 3 phases of the FBT treatment?
- Weight restoration
- Return to independent eating
- Healthy adolescent development
What are the 3 stages of the FBT change?
- Return to previous weight
- Gradual return to adolescent control of eating
- Gradual exploration of autonomy and identity issues
- Change mechanism?
- -> Exposure
- -> Decreasing ambivalence
- -> Increasing autonomy
What is the problem with FBT?
Many patients and families have difficulty with the transition to independent eating
- Maintenance of cognitive symptoms and safety behaviours
Explain Motivational interviewing applied to family-based treatment
Start with open questions that invite the person to tell you about themselves
• “Patient-centered, directive counselling style that builds on intrinsic motivation to facilitate change in health-related behaviours”
Explain the stages of change model
precontemplation –> contemplation –> preparation –> action –> maintenance –> termination OR relapse
What is the readiness ruler?
measures readiness on a scale from 1 to 10
What are the advantages of motivational interviewing?
- Compatible with individual differences in ambivalence
- Suitable for mandated treatments
- Brief
- Trainable
- Non-confrontational
What are the 4 principles of motivational interviewing?
- Expressing empathy
- Developing discrepancy (goals vs things that will keep you stuck)
- Rolling with resistance
- Supporting self-efficacy
What is the OARS technique?
- Open-ended questions
- Affirmations
- Reflective listening
- Summaries
Who is the most common client at psychiatric centers?
female law students
What is Krieger’s theory?
intense pressure and competitive success norms reorient students away from positive personal interests and values and towards rewards and more image-based values, leading to a loss of self-esteem, life satisfaction and wellbeing
What is law school like?
- The Paper Chase film – you are called out and expected to know the answer
- Focus on competition, rank and status
- Competition for academic superiority and placements
- You’re given a rank that’s posted publicly
- Teaching excessively abstract and analytical (Isolative and intimating)
What was the mediator of wellbeing in the motivational effects of law school study?
Wellbeing changes were mediated by motivational changes
How many students need mental health services at Yale law?
70%
How many students were in Koestner’s grad school cohort?
9 students
