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Pathophysiology > Final Quiz PPs > Flashcards

Final Quiz PPs Flashcards

1
Q

Which one is NOT a potential complication of GERD:

  1. Gastric Ulcer
  2. Achalasia
  3. Esophageal Varices
  4. Esophageal Strictures

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1 and 3

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2
Q

What are NOT the symptoms of hyperacidity?

  1. Epigastric Pain
  2. Sweating
  3. Heartburn
  4. Obstipation

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

2 and 4

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3
Q

Corticotropin-related peptides are:

  1. ACTH
  2. Endorphins
  3. MSH
  4. LPH

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

All are probably correct

ACTH
Endorphins, MSH, and LPH are all part of POMC

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4
Q

Which of the following statements are true?

  1. GH increases the synthesis of proteins
  2. GH decreases protein catabolism
  3. GH decreases the cellular glucose uptake
  4. GH decreases the utilization of lipids

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1, 2, 3

Mostly anti-insulin effects, except the increase synthesis of proteins

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5
Q

Clinical signs of acromegaly:

  1. Hyperostosis
  2. Cardiomegaly
  3. Barrel chest
  4. Hypogonadism

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1,2,3, and 4.

hypogonadism was surprising

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6
Q

Clinical presentation of prolactinoma in women, except:

  1. Amenorrhea
  2. Headache
  3. Hirsutism
  4. Gynecomastia

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A
  1. Gynecomastia (that occurs in men)

[Hirsudism is male-type body hair]

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7
Q

Clinical features of diabetes insipidus include, except:

  1. Hyperhidrosis
  2. Nocturia or nucturnal enuresis
  3. Hypernatremic dehydration
  4. Polyuria, polydipsia, and thirst

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1: Hyperhidrosis

Should see a rise in serum [Na+] with dehydration, and normally it’s not possible to just have answer #1 without #3 too, so I don’t really know. Could be none of them but hyperhidrosis doesn’t make sense with DI.
Another version of this PP said hyponatremic dehydration and that answer was false

[Hyperhidrosis is uncontrolled sweating, Enuresis is a repeated inability to control urination]

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8
Q

Clinical signs of hypothyrodism include, except:

  1. Pretibial myxedema
  2. Carotenoderma
  3. Hypertriglyceridemia
  4. Megaloblastic anemia

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

Another horrible question, there is no correct answer. 1 is not true because it’s actually part of Grave’s disease, and via the MCQ we can only do #1 and #3 has an answer. However hypertriglyceridemia is usually part of hypothyroidism, so fuck this question. It is possible that the question is reversed with this include/except crap, and they are actually looking for 1,2, and 3 as an answer. Who knows.

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9
Q

Etiology of nontoxic goiter:

  1. Grave’s disease
  2. Iodine deficiency
  3. Subacute thyroiditis
  4. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

All 4

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10
Q

Clinical features of primary adrenocortical insufficiency:

  1. Weakness, fatigue, weight loss
  2. Hypertension
  3. GI disturbances
  4. Vitiligo

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1 and 3

Refers to mostly to Addison’s disease or Waterhouse-Friderichsen

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11
Q

Possible causes of Conn’s syndrome

  1. Hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex
  2. Bartter’s syndrome
  3. 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency
  4. 21 hydroxylase deficiency

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1 and 3

Conn’s syndrome is (primary) overproduction of aldosterone

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12
Q

Hirsutism can develop due to:

  1. Polycystic ovarian syndrome
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Cushing syndrome
  4. Klinefelter syndrome

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1, 3

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13
Q

Possible causes of secondary mineralocorticoid excess:

  1. Renovascular disease
  2. Estrogen therapy
  3. Cirrhosis
  4. Bartter’s syndrome

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1, 2, 3, 4

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14
Q

In primary hyperaldosteronism:

  1. there is no change in the plasma renin activity
  2. the plasma aldosterone level increases
  3. the plasma K+ level increases
  4. there is metabolic alkalosis

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

2 and 4

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15
Q

Which statements are true about dexamethasone test?

  1. This is a stimulation test of the adrenals
  2. the low dose test can be used to confirm the suspicion of Cushing’s syndrome
  3. the result of the test is abnormal if the plasma cortisol level gets lower
  4. the high dose test helps in the differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

2 and 4

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16
Q

Which of the following tests are useful in the diagnosis of acromegaly?

  1. Taking images of the sella turcica
  2. dexamethasone test
  3. measurement of plasma GH levels following glucose load
  4. Metyrapone test

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1 and 3

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17
Q

It is common in hyperthyroidism:

  1. diarrhea
  2. sweating
  3. pulsus celer et altus
  4. pretibial edema

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

All of them can be

18
Q

It is common in hypothyroidism:

  1. low voltage
  2. low cholesterol level
  3. myxedema
  4. pretibial edema

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1 and 3

19
Q 
Which of the following is NOT a pathogenic factor of Helicobacter pylori?
A. Flagellum
B. Urease
C. Campylobacter toxin
D. Adhesion molecules
E. Vac-A toxin
A

C: Campylobacter toxin

tricky because H. pylori is part of campylobacter family but dont know of this toxin

20
Q

Which one of the following is NOT implicated in the pathomechanism of IBD?
A: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
B. Autoimmunity
C. Smoking
D: NSAIDs
E: Oral contraceptives

A

Probably C, surprisingly. Nicotine helps protect against UC.

They didn’t mention E but googling shows a link.
definitely not B, D. A is complicated… not sure.

21
Q

Which ones of the following could be symptoms of colon cc?

  1. Blood in the stool
  2. Obstipation / diarrhea
  3. Anemia
  4. Jaundice

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1, 2, 3

Never heard of jaundice being related but the other 3 are for sure

22
Q

Which of the following is used for diagnosis of GERD?

  1. Esophagus tonometry
  2. Urea breath test
  3. Endoscopy
  4. PPI test

(Can be multiple answers or no answers)

A

1, 3

not sure about #1 but I think it’s true, they just normally mention manometry

23
Q 
Which is the most common GI-tract disease?
A. Colon cc
B. Gastric cc
C. Pancreas cc
D. GERD
E. H. pylori infection
A

E. Helicobacter pylori infection

24
Q 
Which of the following are NOT implicated in the pathomechanism of peptic ulcer disease?
A. NSAIDs
B. H. pylori
C. Hyperacidity
D. Cholelithiasis
E. Prostaglandin production
A

Another weird question.. I don’t see anything about gallstones causing peptic ulcers, but prostaglandins protect from peptic ulcers. It’s probably cholelithiasis but the question is just worded badly.

25
Q

Which organ is affected in secondary endocrine diseases?

Kahoot

A

Adenohypophysis

Primary is target organ, tertiary is hypothalamus

26
Q

What causes Sheehan’s syndrome?

Kahoot

A

Hemorrhagic necrosis of maternal pituitary gland during delivery

27
Q

What is a treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?

Kahoot

A

Diuretics

28
Q

What is a surprising finding in Laron’s dwarfism?

Kahoot

A

Serum GH is elevated

29
Q

Most common cause of dwarfism?

Kahoot

A

FGF R3 mutation in achondroplasia

30
Q

Normal concentration of circulating free T4?

Kahoot

A

0.03 to 0.05%

Free T3 is higher, I think like 3% or something

31
Q

Lab observations in iodine deficiency

Kahoot

A

Free T4 decreased, maybe Free T3 increase? Didn’t write it down clearly

32
Q

Which statement is true? Select one or more:

A. mineralocorticoids are produced in the zona glomerulosa

B. glucocorticoids are produced in the zona glomerulosa

C. glucocorticoids are produced in the zona fasciculata

D. mineralocorticoids are produced in the zona fasciculata

A

A, C

33
Q

Radioiodine uptake of the thyroid gland is increased in: Select one or more:

A. Graves’ disease

B. multinodular goiter

C. exogenous thyroid hormone therapy

D. thyroiditis

A

A, B

34
Q

Which of the following statements are true in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
Select one or more:

A. patient presents painless goiter

B. anti-TgAb is usually negative

C. patients often have significantly elevated anti-TPO Ab

D. most commonly associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

A, C, D

35
Q

Clinical presentation of prolactinoma in women:
Select one or more:

A. amenorrhea

B. gynecomastia

C. galactorrhea

D. virilization

A

A, C

36
Q

Causes of SIADH:
Select one or more:

A. stroke

B. pneumonia

C. subarachnoid hemorrhage

D. Addison’s disease

A

B, C, D

37
Q

Clinical presentation of prolactinoma in men:
Select one or more:

A. galactorrhea

B. headache

C. oligomenorrhea

D. hirsutism

A

A, B

38
Q

Noradrenergic neurons inhibit the release of:
Select one:

A. ACTH

B. FSH

C. TSH

D. GH

A

A

39
Q

Clinical signs of polycystic ovarian syndrome:
Select one or more:

A. weight loss

B. dyslipidemia

C. IGT or IFG

D. oligomenorrhea

A

B, C, D

40
Q

Possible causes of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus:
Select one or more:

A. Sjögren’s syndrome

B. sickle cell disease

C. diabetic glomerulosclerosis

D. chronic pyelonephritis

A

A, B, D

41
Q

Which statement is true for Laron dwarfs:
Select one or more:

A. GH secretion is suppressible by glucose

B. GH receptor defect

C. extremely short (<120 cm) stature

D. the incidence of diabetes and/or malignant tumors are very common in these patients

A

B, C

Pathophysiology (14 decks)

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