Final Quiz Flashcards
What is the theory of Paul Rozin for disgust?
- Disgust evolved in humans from an initial mechanism that served to protect us from eating dangerous foods, to gradually underlie moral judgment
What is the behavior of disgust?
- Varied, distancing from whatever is making you feel disgusted
What are the physiological component of disgust?
- Associated with nausea (protective mechanism to inhibit eating)
- Increased salivation: helps get rid of any reminiscence of food in mouth
- Lowered heart rate: leads to slower processing of contaminated food
What is the expressive component of disgust?
- Focus on the face, includes gape (with or without extended tongue), retraction of upper lip and nose wrinkle
What is the subjective experience of disgust?
- qualia
- A sense of revulsion, pulling away, distaste
- Subjective experience in line with action tendency of withdrawal/avoidance
What is core disgust?
- Felt at the prospect of the oral incorporation of an offensive object
- Possibility or if it actually happens, just thinking about it (possibility) is disgusting
- What are the features of core disgust?
- Oral incorporation: taking things into body through mouth, taking on the properties of the food you eat
- Offensive entities: animals and products as potential foods, usually eat small subset of animals, animal is disguised (cow = beef, pork = pig)
- Contamination: real or symbolic contact of a potential food with something that is seen as offensive (adaptive mechanism to avoid disease), rejected if contaminated
How is contamination considered as a intuitive emotional level?
- Sympathetic magical law of contagion: does not follow rules of nature, once in contact always in contact
- Magical sympathetic law of similarity: what is superficially similar is in essence the same (dog feces made by chocolate)
How is a sense of contamination avoided?
- By framing
- Selection attention and encoding
- People do not think of what might disgust them
What is the animal-nature disgust?
- What reminds us that we are animals is disgusting
- Reminds us that we can die just like animals and animals are dirty
Why are we disgusted by violations of the body envelope (gaping wounds) or deformity?
- Wounds remind us that we have blood and body tissue like animals
- Deformity forces us to confront fragile nature of human body (bones and tissue like an animal)
How do we distance ourselves from our animal natures?
- Do this in a socially prescribed way
- Only eat certain animals in certain ways (food preparation)
- Excreting is done in bathroom
- Have sex with only certain other people and not animals
What do the large amount of ethnographic research show as evidence for how people consider animals?
- People consider themselves better than animals
- People maintain clear boundary between human and animal domain
What is rare cross culturally for how humans perceive animals?
- Treating animals like a person, like pet owners
- Pet owners turn the pet into a person so as to not deal with the pets animal nature
How do we perceive people who don’t respect limits on their behavior and body?
- They are seen as disgusting
- Seen to be like animals = dirty and no hygiene
What is the underlying issue for animal-nature disgust?
- Ones own death
- Disgusted by things that remind them of death
What are the different components of interpersonal disgust?
- Strangeness: don’t like what is foreign or strange
- Disease: Concern with others passing on a disease, contamination
- Misfortune: dont like to be in contact with others who suffer misfortune, fear of contagion or contamination
- Moral taint: concern with other who may not be morally correct or appropriate
What is moral disgust?
- People disgusted by immoral action
- One of three other condemning moral emotions (anger and contempt)
- Different types of violations of different ethical guidelines lead to either mostly moral disgust or contempt or anger
What is the terror management theory?
- People being unconsciously scared of their own death
- Manage this terror by embracing dominant values and norms
- Makes people feel part of a culture that will live beyond them and so in that sense they never die
What is ethics of divinity?
- Focus on the self as a spiritual entity
- Goal is tp protect entity from degrading or polluting
- Violations lead to emotion of disgust
- Disgust involves actual or threatened harm to ones psychological self (threat to soul)
What is the ethics of community?
- Focus on fulfilling ones social roles, duty and respecting hierarchy
- Violation lead to the emotions of contempt
What is ethics of autonomy?
- Focus on rights and justice
- Violations lead to the emotion of anger
What are the ideologies and attitudes of people with higher interpersonal disgust?
- More negative attitudes toward immigrants, foreigners, socially marginalized groups, AIDS, homosexuals, drug addicts
- More conservative ideologies, lead to more negative attitudes toward immigrants
What has been found in studies looking at moral outrage for both disgust and anger?
- Anger is related to moral outrage only if the person also feels at least a moderate amount of disgust
- Same for disgust
- Need combination of anger and disgust to feel moral outrage
- Both emotions increase certainty and so the combination is powerful influence on people
What has been found in studies looking at moral outrage for which is more important disgust or anger?
- More disgust predicts more moral outrage which predicts more severe and confident verdicts (regardless of how much anger was felt)
- Same for anger but only if there is at least a moderate amount of disgust
- Disgust most important reaction for moral outrage
What is jealousy?
- Someone perceives that another person is threatening their relationship with another
- Motivation to engage in behavior that will help protect relationship
How is jealousy a specific emotion?
- Primitive jealousy occurs if loved one is perceived as paying attention to a potential rival (primary appraisal threat)
- Evolved as distinct emotion through natural selection
- Minimal cognition
- Cognitive processing may not be conscious
- Motivate person to act to prevent threatening liaison between rival and loved one
What are the secondary appraisals of specific emotion of jealousy?
- Emotions of sadness, anger and fear
- Emotions are due to secondary appraisals that are more conscious, deliberate and take features of situation into account
- Secondary appraisals may also lead to less jealousy bc person realizes that there is no real threat
How is jealousy seen as a blended emotion?
- No specific emotion of jealousy but rather the emotional reactions of anger, sadness and fear
- Some say they are all felt simultaneously
- Others say that emotions are sequentially depending on that jealous person is thinking (anger at rival, fear of losing relationship and sadness about loss of attention)
How is the appraisal of threat important for jealousy?
- Potential loss of the rewards one gets in the threatened relationship (concrete or affection/attention)
- Potential loss on ones sense of self and of self value (especially if rival is good in domains of personal relevance)
What are the different attachment styles like in relationships?
- Secure: person feels secure and can trust
- Anxious/ambivalent: anxious in relationship and feat that partner does not love them, less trust
- Avoidance: person does not want to get too close to partner, see partner as wanting to get too close
How are people with secure attachment react to jealousy?
- High threshold for perceiving threat (unlikely to feel jealous)
- Threat will be identified at time and these people will react with anger toward partner, discourage partner from engaging with rival and report that anger was beneficial
How are people with anxious ambivalent attachment react to jealousy?
- Low threshold for perceiving threat
- Threat will be identified more often
Anxious people will suppress anger, feel envy of rival, feel hurt and sad at possibility of break up and distance themselves from partner
How are people with avoidant attachment style react to jealousy?
- Very high threshold for perceiving threat
- Rarely consciously feel threatened
- When jealous they direct anger and blame to rival, not partner, may be aggressive toward rival but don’t report feeling of anger or jealousy
What do people who are less satisfied with their relationship report?
- They themselves or partner tend to be suspicious and often jealous about possible betrayal
How does uncertainty play a role in jealousy?
- Lowers threshold for perceiving threat
How come jealousy is greater if the partner is perceived as interacting with the rival?
- Partner is in control of the situation
- The interaction with rival was created and caused by the partner
- The partner has the intention of interacting with rival
What is the specific innate module hypothesis?
- Specific module in the head that gets triggered specifically for jealousy and romantic sexual relations
- Its innate
What is the hypothesis about what makes men jealous according to specific innate module hypothesis?
- Men innately predisposed to be upset over mates sexual infidelity bc genetic fitness (passing along ones genes)
What is the hypothesis about what makes women jealous according to specific innate module hypothesis?
- Women innately predisposed to be upset over mates emotional infidelity bc loss of resource
What were the results for the hypothesis of what makes men and women jealous according to specific innate module hypothesis?
- More men than women report that sexual infidelity would be worse
- Limitation: all results are with same two option forced choice
What were the reservations regarding focus of aspects of results on reliability for specific innate module hypothesis?
- Most men do not choose sexual infidelity as worse than emotional infidelity
- Effects of cognitive load on women response
- Smaller effect in older samples
- Large cultural difference US vs Europe
- people may be picking answer that for them most implies the other in forced choice
- Different methodologies regarding hypothetical infidelity lead to different results
Are there any converging evidence for the specific innate module hypothesis for physiological response?
- No autonomic arousal increase for both men and women for when imaging partner being sexually relative to emotionally unfaithful
In terms of the JSIM is there any other support from other sources such as homicide or spousal abuse?
- Homicide: jealousy is common motive for partner homicide, but little evidence for jealousy motivated murder (usually committed more by women for jealousy motivation)
- Spousal abuse: no
In terms of the JSIM is there any other support from other sources such as morbid jealousy?
- Morbid jealousy may be higher for men than women bc part of OCD disorder with men generally having more sexual obsessions of all types
- Exceptional case so not good judge for general human theory
What was found in lab studies for gender differences for jealousy?
- No gender differences
- People report being more hurt by emotional infidelity than sexual infidelity
- people report being more angry and blame partner more for sexual infidelity
- People believed if partner feel in love with someone else then they would leave much more than sexual infidelity
How do men react when jealous?
- Aggression toward others, partner and rival
Guilt about jealousy, anger with self and self blame
How do women react when jealous?
- Anger toward and rejection of partner
- insecurity
- seek social support
What are the gender differences and those differences in context for jealousy?
- No gender differences: retribution, relationship improvement, monitoring
- No big cultural differences except for US especially for mens aggression and women seeking social support
What does the MSCEIT assess?
- Emotional intelligence
- Ability to perceive emotions
- Ability to understand emotions
- Ability to think of emotions (facilitating thoughts)
- Ability to manage emotions
- All assessed in terms of actual ability and not self reported
What are the three different ways to score emotional intelligence?
- In terms of objective standards
- Expert rating
- Consensus
What are the age and gender differences for emotional intelligence?
- Gender: women have higher EI than men (bc gender socialization)
- Age: inverted U shape, general decline with age, peak is in range or 27-37 yrs (small effect = unclear)
What was found for people higher in EI on making decisions?
- Discriminate well for a simulation of an airport security screening n terrorist threat situation (detained people with higher negative traits)
What did EI predict for job satisfaction?
- Leader EI predicts more job satisfaction from subordinates
- Especially strong for subordinates higher in EI
- Leads to better coping an hob satisfaction
How is EI tied to socializing?
- People with greater EI report wanting to socialize less on days they felt bad and more on days they felt god
- Adaptive = smth is wrong and signals need to avoid and hold back on behavior
- People with lower EI reported consistent motivation to socialize which was moderate in intensity
How is EI tied to loneliness?
- Initial poor understanding and managing emotions predicted more loneliness later
- initial loneliness predicted poor understanding and managing emotions later
How is EI tied to popularity?
- People higher on EI increased more in popularity than those lower on EI
How is EI tied to mental health?
- EI predicts social support, which predicts mental health
Do people underestimate others negative emotional experiences?
- Yes
- People perceive others well being in public setting and infer that others are happy both in moment and private life
- But accurate in estimate of others frequency of positive experiences
How accurate are people belief about feeling blue on Mondays?
- Men report (65%) that Monday is worst day but no evidence for this in diary data
- Participants were more accurate for best day
- Mood was better for weekend
- Monday is argued to be the day of greatest downward shift (from Sundays higher level)
What was found for the accurate reporting that people are happier in California bc of sunshine?
- Weather is perceived as nicer in California and seen as important determinant for people happiness
- Weather is only one of many issues determining happiness
What was found for people who say hat luxury buys you happiness?
- People who own expensive cars report that they feel more happy/thrilled when driving
- But o actual difference in feelings as a function of luxury car
- People rely on beliefs when reporting general feelings and these beliefs don’t match actual experience
