Final Questions Flashcards by Melika Rezaei

Objects in the extreme right (far right periphery) of your visual world:
a. Stimulate the temporal hemiretina of your right eye
b. Stimulate the temporal hemiretina of your left eye
c. stimulate the nasal hemiretina of your right eye
d. are represented in the left primary visual cortex
e. c and d

e. c and d

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The lateral geniculate nucleus on the right side of the brain:
a. contains a complete representation of the left visual world
b. contains a complete representation of the right visual world
c. receives input from the nasal hemiretina of the left eye
d. a and c are correct

d. a and c are correct

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The receptive field of a neuron is:
a. the area of the environment/ body in which a stimulus will always excite the cell
b) The area of the environment/body in which a stimulus will always inhibit the cell
c) The region of the environment/body in which a stimulus will affect the neuron’s firing rate
d) The best stimulus, usually a large circle, for a neuron in the visual system

c) The region of the environment/body in which a stimulus will affect the neuron’s firing rate

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A lesion in the Upper bank of the calcarine fissure in the primary visual cortex on the right side of the brain will cause:
a. blindness in the left eye
b. loss of vision in the upper visual field of both eyes
c. loss of vision of the nasal field of both eyes
d. loss of vision in the lower left quadrant of the visual field of both eyes
e. loss of vision in the upper left quadrant of the visual field of both eyes

d. loss of vision in the lower left quadrant of the visual field of both eyes

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Cutting the right optic nerve will cause:
a. no visual deflects, because you still have the nerve on the other side
b. blindness in the left eye
c. blindness in the left visual field of both eyes
d. loss of ability to perceive objects in any part of the left visual world
e. blindness in the right eye

e. blindness in the right eye

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The central portion of the left side of the visual field is represented:
a. in left primary visual cortex at the most posterior portion of the calcarine fissure
b. in right primary visual cortex at the most posterior portion of the calcarine fissure
c. in the left primary visual cortex deep (anteriorally) along the calcarine fissure
d. in the right primary visual cortex deep (anteriorally) along the calcarine fissure
e. a and b

b. in right primary visual cortex at the most posterior portion of the calcarine fissure

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Adding glutamate to a slice of the cat spinal cord maintained in a dish:
a. causes simultaneous bursting in left and right ventral roots
b. causes alternate bursting in left and right ventral roots
c. mimics the effects on activity in the ventral roots of dorsal root stimulation
d. b and c
e. none of the above

d. b and c

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CPGs in the vertebrate spinal cord:
a. can be switched on by sensory input
b. can be activated by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor nucleus
c. can be modulated by coordinating fibers from other CPGs
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

d. all of the above

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In a mesencephalic cat suspended on a treadmill, which of the following is true?
a) The animal shows some reflex responses but can’t be made to walk
b) A mesencephalic cut is lethal
c) The animal will walk faster as the stimulation current delivered to the MLn is increased
d) Stimulation of the motor cortex will induce movement in the contralateral legs
e) none of the above

c) The animal will walk faster as the stimulation current delivered to the MLn is increased

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Stimulation of cat mesencephalic locomotor nucleus should (think about this):
a) produce a pattern of walking, trotting and galloping as the current intensity is increased
b) result in activation of spinal central pattern generators for locomotion
c) result in an alternating pattern of activity in corresponding left and right ventral roots
d) result in an alternating pattern of activity in alpha motor neurons innervating the left and right
legs
e) all of the above

e) all of the above

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When a person is asked to perform a complex sequence of finger movements and brain activity is
recorded by PET:
a) primary motor cortex will show increased activity
b) mesencephalic locomotor nucleus will show increased activity
c) supplementary motor cortex show increased activity
d) all of the above
e) a and c are both correct

e) a and c are both correct

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The expression “running around like a chicken with your head cut off” is derived from farmers’
observations that chickens run around vigorously for several seconds after they are decapitated. This
observation suggests that:
a. locomotor behavior is generated by neural circuits in the forebrain
b. motor neurons to the muscles generating locomotor movements originate in the spinal cord
c. locomotor behavior can be produced and organized by neural circuits within the spinal cord
d. b and c
e. none of the above

d. b and c

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The central pattern generator producing respiration in the mollusk Lymnaea (assigned paper):
a) can form normal connections in vitro
b) consists of two reciprocally connected neurons
c) has only one cell type, a spontaneous burster
d) primarily employs electrical synapses

a) can form normal connections in vitro

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The inferotemporal cortex “face recognition” neurons:
a. respond equally to all faces
b. only respond well to one particular face
c. show a particular across neuron pattern of responses to a particular face
d. all of the above
e. none of the above

c. show a particular across neuron pattern of responses to a particular face

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Someone suffering from Prosopagnosia
a. has an impaired ability to recognize faces
b. probably has extensive damage to primary visual cortex
c. has great difficulty in reading
d. can be effectively treated by oral administration of l-Dopa
e. b and c

a. has an impaired ability to recognize faces

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The superior colliculus is part of the:
a) mesencephalon
b) metencephalon
c) diencephalon
d) telencephalon
e) myelencephalon

a) mesencephalon

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Parkinson’s disease may be treated by:
a) oral administration of the neurotransmitter dopamine
b) oral administration of l-DOPA
c) the dopamine antagonist haloperidol
d) all of the above

b) oral administration of l-DOPA

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For a mesencephalic cat, transecting the spinal cord between the hindlimbs and forelimbs
a. has no effect, since the cat can’t walk anyway
b. eliminates the use of the hindlegs when the cat is on the treadmill
c. disrupts the rhythm between the forelimbs and hindlimbs when the cat is on the treadmill
d. eliminates neural activity in the dorsal roots
e. none of the above

c. disrupts the rhythm between the forelimbs and hindlimbs when the cat is on the treadmill

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Sensory fibers conveying information to the central nervous system may:
a) ascend in the spinal cord to the brain
b) synapse on interneurons in the spinal cord
c) synapse on neurons in the ventral horn which innervate skeletal muscles
d) all of the above are true
e) none of the above are true

d) all of the above are true

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The UPPER RIGHT PERIPHERAL part of the visual world is:
a) represented in the UPPER BANK of the LEFT primary visual cortex
b) represented in the LOWER BANK of the LEFT primary visual cortex
c) represented deep (anteriorally) along the calcarine fissure of the left primary visual cortex
d) b and c
e) none of the above

d) b and c

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The inferotemporal cortex neurons discussed in class:
e) are retinotopically organized
f) have very large receptive fields
g) a single neuron will respond well to both a profile and frontal view of a face
h) single neurons respond about equally well to the faces of all individuals
i) all of the above

f) have very large receptive fields

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An ON-CENTER retinal ganglion cell responds with MAXIMAL excitation to:
a) diffuse illumination of the entire receptive field
b) illumination confined to the receptive field surround
c) illumination confined to the receptive field center
d) dark in both the receptive field center and surround

c) illumination confined to the receptive field center

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Illumination of a photoreceptor in the CENTER of an ON-CENTER retinal ganglion cell’s (RGC)
receptive field will:
a) decrease action potentials in the ON-CENTER bipolar cell connected to the RGC
b) decrease glutamate release from the photoreceptor projecting to the ON-center bipolar cell
connected to the retinal ganglion cell
c) depolarize (excite) the ON-CENTER bipolar cell connected to the retinal ganglion cell
d) b and c
e) a and c

d) b and c

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lluminating a photoreceptor in the SURROUND of an ON-CENTER retinal ganglion cell will:
a) increased glutamate release from the photoreceptor being illuminated
b) hyperpolarize the horizontal cell onto which the illuminated photoreceptor synapses
c) depolarization in the ON-CENTER bipolar cell connected to the retinal ganglion cell
d) increased action potential frequency in the retinal ganglion cell

b) hyperpolarize the horizontal cell onto which the illuminated photoreceptor synapses

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An electrode penetrating obliquely (not straight down) within a single right eye ocular dominance column in primary visual cortex will encounter (record): a) neurons responding to input from alternating eyes (R,L,R,L,etc.) as it progresses b) neurons responding to a bar of light in only a single orientation as it progresses c) ONLY neurons responding EXCLUSIVELY to input from the right eye as it progresses d) neurons responding to bars of light in progressively different orientations as it progresses e) only specialized complex cells

d) neurons responding to bars of light in progressively different orientations as it progresses

Applying glutamate to a splice of spinal cord will typically: a) produce a pattern of alternating bursting in the left and right dorsal roots b) kill the neurons c) activate the central pattern generator neurons for locomotion in that slice d) activate mesencephalic locomotor nucleus neurons e) both a and c

c) activate the central pattern generator neurons for locomotion in that slice

Which of the following is/are true for BLOBS in the primary visual cortex? a) neurons in blobs are not orientation-selective b) neurons in blobs are concerned with processing of color c) there are blobs in both left and right eye ocular dominance columns d) blobs neurons receive direct input from the lateral geniculate nucleus neurons e) all of the above

e) all of the above

A bipolar cell that is part of a on-center off-surround, when stimulated by a spot of light in the surround will: a. be depolarized b. be hyperpolarized c. exhibit an increase in the rate of action potential production d. exhibit a decrease in the rate of action potential production

b. be hyperpolarized

The response of a mammalian photoreceptor (as discussed in class) to light stimulation of its surround is: a. depolarized b. hyperpolarized c. increased glutamate release d. no effect e. a and c

e. a and c

Light interacting with photopigment in rods will: a) decrease the influx of Na + into the rod b) cause 11-cis-retinal to convert into all trans-retinal c) decrease the intracellular concentration of cGMP d) all of the above are true e) only two of the first three are true

c) decrease the intracellular concentration of cGMP

A neuron has a resting potential of -70 mV in a bath containing 10 mM Cl - (concentration inside the cell is 40 mM). When Cl - channels are caused to open: a) the membrane potential will stay close to -70 b) the membrane potential will be pulled toward -35 mV c) the membrane potential will be pulled toward +35 mV d) Cl - will flow into the cell e) b and d

c) the membrane potential will be pulled toward +35 mV

The point at which the diffusional (concentration) force is equal but opposite to the electrostatic force for a single ion is the: a) reversal potential b) membrane potential c) equilibrium potential d) postsynaptic potential e) a and c are correct

e) a and c are correct

A neuron has a membrane potential of -150 mV. What happens when K + channels are opened? a) K + flows out of the cell b) K + flows into the cell c) there is a hyperpolarization d) a and c e) b and c

b) K + flows into the cell

In the CPG controlling respiration in the pond snail, which of the following neurons have reciprocal inhibitory connections? a) DA1 and IP3 b) DA1 and VD4 c) IP3 and VD4 d) both a and b are correct e) both b and c are correct

e) both b and c are correct

In the CPG neurons controlling respiration in the pond snail, which of the following are correct: a) DA1 is spontaneously active and receives both inhibitory and excitatory synaptic input b) IP3 is spontaneously active and receives both IPSP and complex PSP synaptic input c) VD4 receives only excitatory synaptic input d) DA1 contains the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase e) both a and d are correct

e) both a and d are correct

In the CPG of the pond snail, you would expect that: a) An action potential in IP3 would directly produce an IPSP in DA1 b) An action potential in IP3 would directly produce an EPSP in VD4 c) IP3 would express two or more dopamine receptor subtypes d) the dopamine receptor subtypes expressed by VD4 would gate either K + or Cl - e) both c and d are correct

e) both c and d are correct

Which is/are true for the different layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)? a) each layer receives input from only one eye b) inputs from the left and right eye go to different layers in the LGN c) neurons in each layer have circular center surround receptive fields d) all of the above

d) all of the above

The RIGHT lateral geniculate nucleus projects to: a) the RIGHT (ipsilateral) primary visual cortex b) the LEFT (contralateral) primary visual cortex c) the lateral geniculate nucleus on the other side of the brain d) a and b e) b and c

a) the RIGHT (ipsilateral) primary visual cortex

Retinal ganglion cells in the TEMPORAL hemiretina of the RIGHT EYE will project directly to: a) The lateral geniculate nucleus on the LEFT side of the brain b) the lateral geniculate nucleus on the RIGHT side of the brain c) The primary visual cortex on the LEFT side of the brain d) The primary visual cortex on the RIGHT side of the brain e) none of the above

b) the lateral geniculate nucleus on the RIGHT side of the brain

The retinal ganglion cells in the NASAL hemiretina of the LEFT EYE project directly to: a) The lateral geniculate nucleus on the RIGHT side of the brain b) The same lateral geniculate nucleus as retinal ganglion cells in the RIGHT eye's TEMPORAL hemiretina. c) The primary visual cortex on one side of the brain d) a and b are correct e) none of the above

d) a and b are correct

Which of the following must be intact in order to consciously perceive the visual world? a) projections from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus b) projections from the retina to the superior colliculus c) projections from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the primary visual cortex d) a and b e) a and c

e) a and c

A patient with bilateral lesions of primary visual cortex and an intact superior colliculus: a) can localize objects in the visual field when asked to do so b) reports that he/she cannot see objects c) is completely blind and cannot localize or grasp objects when asked to do so d) a and b e) b and c

d) a and b

Visual area 4 is specialized for processing which type of visual information? a) movement b) form c) color d) faces

c) color

A neuron in human primary visual cortex responds optimally to a vertically oriented slit of light directed into the left eye. Neurons in a column below (ventral) it are most likely to respond optimally to: a. a slit of light tilted about 15 degrees from vertical b. a vertical slit of light directed onto the corresponding region of the right eye c. the same vertically oriented slit of light d. a spot of light e. all of the above

c. the same vertically oriented slit of light

Neurons in inferotemporal cortex are most likely to exhibit vigorous responses to: a. spots of light b. moving bars of light of a particular orientation c. highly complex objects like hands or faces only in a particular location in the visual field d. highly complex objects like hands or faces in any location in the visual field

d. highly complex objects like hands or faces in any location in the visual field

Someone that can determine the location of a visual stimulus but that cannot determine its form or color, probably has: a. degeneration of the retina b. bilateral damage to inferotemporal cortex c. bilateral damage to primary visual cortex d. bilateral damage to the superior colliculus

c. bilateral damage to primary visual cortex

Which should dramatically reduce the response of an inferotemporal cortex neuron that is activated by a frontal view of a face: a. decreasing the size of the face b. changing the location of the face within the visual field c. bilateral damage to primary visual cortex d. changing the orientation of a face from a vertical to a horizontal orientation e. all of the above

c. bilateral damage to primary visual cortex

When the membrane of a neuron at -55 mV becomes simultaneously permeable to Na+ and K+? a) Na+ leaves the cell b) an action potential is generated in the neuron. c) the K+ influx is greater than the Na+ efflux. d) the neuron hyperpolarizes

b) an action potential is generated in the neuron.

A neuron has a resting potential of -65 mV in a solution containing physiological concentrations of ions. Raising the external K + concentration to well above physiological levels would cause: a) depolarization b) no change, because the resting membrane is not very permeable to K + c) hyperpolarization d) no change, because Na + ions will enter the cell

a) depolarization

Parvocellular cells in the visual system respond best to: a) a moving stimulus, or rapid changes in illumination b) a sustained stimulus, color, and fine detail c) diffuse illumination d) complex objects like hands and faces e) a and b are both correct

b) a sustained stimulus, color, and fine detail

Magnocellular cells in the visual system respond best to: a) a moving stimulus, rapid changes in illumination, general form of objects b) a sustained stimulus, fine detail c) diffuse illumination d) complex objects like hands and faces e) a toilet bowl brush

a) a moving stimulus, rapid changes in illumination, general form of objects

Neuronal response properties become more complex at later points in the visual system. This is because: a) neurons later in the visual system contain a greater variety of receptor subtypes b) neurons later in the visual system are sensitive to a greater variety of neurotransmitters c) the responses of neurons later in the system result from the accumulated compounding of the response properties of neurons earlier in the system d) both a and b are correct e) none of the above

c) the responses of neurons later in the system result from the accumulated compounding of the response properties of neurons earlier in the system

Presynaptic inhibition and facilitation usually occur at: a) dendrodendritic connections b) axoaxonic connections c) axodendritic connections d) axosomatic connections e) all of the above

b) axoaxonic connections

Retinal ganglion cells project directly to which of the following brain areas? a) primary visual cortex b) superior colliculus of the midbrain and suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus c) lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus d) a and c e) b and c

e) b and c

The perception of spots of light is most likely to be produced by: a) electrical stimulation of inferotemporal cortex b) electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus c) electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus d) electrical stimulation of primary visual cortex

d) electrical stimulation of primary visual cortex

Orienting movements of the eyes and head are most likely to be produced by: a) electrical stimulation of inferotemporal cortex b) electrical stimulation of the inferior colliculus c) electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus d) electrical stimulation of primary visual cortex

c) electrical stimulation of the superior colliculus

Glutamate from photoreceptors: a) inhibits both on-center and off-center bipolar cells b) inhibits on-center and excites off-center bipolar cells c) excites on-center and inhibits off-center bipolar cells d) excites both on-center and off-center bipolar cells e) none of the above

b) inhibits on-center and excites off-center bipolar cells

Destruction of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus on the left side of the brain should: a) block visual input from the nasal hemiretina (half retina) from both eyes b) block visual input from the nasal hemiretina of the left eye and the temporal hemiretina of the right eye c) block visual input from the temporal hemiretina of the left eye and the nasal hemiretina of the right eye d) blindness for visual input from the left visual field

c) block visual input from the temporal hemiretina of the left eye and the nasal hemiretina of the right eye

In the visual system, color is coded by: a) the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus b) "blobs" in primary visual cortex c) Visual area 4 (V4) d) all of the above e) b and c only

d) all of the above

The following cells have circular center/surround antagonistic receptive field organization: a) bipolar cells b) retinal ganglion cells c) cells in layer 4C of primary visual cortex d) all of the above e) a and b only

d) all of the above

Which of the following is true: a) Each layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus receives input from only one eye b) Each LGn contains a representation of one half of the visual field c) The primary visual cortex on the right side receives input from the right not the left LGn d) The primary visual cortex on the right side processes images in only the left visual field. e) all of the above are true

e) all of the above are true

A "cortical module" in primary visual cortex: a) has 36 ocular dominance columns. b) has 16 blobs c) has 4 orientation columns d) measures about 1 x 1 x 1 mm e) all of the above

b) has 16 blobs

When labeled proline is injected into the left eye: a) The label will appear only in the right LGn. b) The label will appear only in the left LGn. c) The label will appear in all layers of the LGn on both sides of the brain. d) The label will appear in primary visual cortex, mainly within layer 4. e) c and d

d) The label will appear in primary visual cortex, mainly within layer 4.

Ganglion cell receptive fields are larger for cells in the periphery of the retina than for cells in the center (foveal) region (True or False)

True

Most binocular neurons in primary visual cortex respond preferentially to a light stimulus presented to a particular eye (True or False)

True

The "optic disk" is the part of the retina where the optic nerve exits. (True or False)

True

In the "blob" regions of V1, neurons are color-opponent and are orientation-selective. (True or False)

False

Sensory input into the spinal cord arrives via the ventral root (True or False)

False

The resting membrane is 1/30 less permeable to K + than to Na + (True or False)

False

Sensory input can affect the motor output generated by CPGs (True or False)

True

Decreasing the diameter of an axon will tend to increase intracellular resistance. (True or False)

True

During the propagation of the action potential, current flows through the membrane only in the areas of the neuronal axon that is sheathed in myelin. (True or False)

False

The refractory period of a neuronal membrane prevents an action potential elicited in the middle of an axon from propagating out from that point in both directions. (True or False)

False

A function of On-center cells in the visual system is to signal increases in the intensity of illumination. (True or False)

True

Primary motor cortex is largely devoted to control of the hands and face (True or False)

True

The CPG of the mollusk Lymmaea employs dopamine as one of its neurotransmitters (True or False)

True

A patient with complete cortical blindness (V1 destroyed) can still localize objects in the visual world (True or False)

True

The primary defect in Parkinson's Disease is a loss of dopamine neurons projecting to the basal (True or False)

True

Which of the following causes MAXIMAL firing in an ON-center retinal ganglion cell? a. light illuminating the center of their receptive field b. light illuminating the surround of their receptive field c. no light in the surround of the receptive field d. a and c combined e. all of the above

d. a and c combined

An object in the LEFT CENTER side of the visual world: a. stimulates the nasal hemiretina of both eyes b. stimulates the nasal hemiretina of the left eye and the temporal hemiretina of the right eye c. stimulates the temporal hemiretina of the left eye and the nasal hemiretina of the right eye d. stimulates the temporal hemiretina of the right eye only e. none of the above

b. stimulates the nasal hemiretina of the left eye and the temporal hemiretina of the right eye

What do neurons in V5 preferentially respond to? a. movement b. color c. complex objects d. shape e. faces

a. movement

What is/are some utilities for the metabotropic pathways? a. they have actions far away from receptors b. they have an amplification characteristic c. they are faster in action than ionotropic receptors d. a and b e. all of the above

d. a and b

Neurons in inferotemporal cortex: a. respond to complex objects b. are not visuotopically mapped c. their receptive fields are very large d. both a and c e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Transecting the left lateral corticospinal tract between the cervical and lumber enlargements should result in paralysis of: a. the left hand and foot b. the right hand and foot c. the left foot d. the right foot e. the left side of the face, along with the right hand and right foot

c. the left foot

In a cortical module, neurons within an orientation column: a. respond to a spot of light or darkness b. have circular receptive fields c. all respond to a line of the same orientation d. a and c e. all of the above

c. all respond to a line of the same orientation

Which of the following is/are true about a mesencephalic animal? a. is an animal with a cut at the anterior portion of the midbrain b. its forebrain is separated from the brainstem and spinal cord c. it cannot move voluntarily d. both a and b e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Stimulating action potentials in the ventral posterior portion of V1 on the right side of the brain should a. induce the perception of an object in the lower, peripheral potion of the left visual field b. induce the perception of an object in the lower, foveal portion of the left visual field c. induce the perception of an object in the upper, peripheral potion of the right visual field d. induce the perception of an object in the upper, foveal portion of the left visual field e. induce movement in the fingers of the left hand

d. induce the perception of an object in the upper, foveal portion of the left visual field

Which of the following is/are true about retinal ganglion cells in the periphery of the retina? a. they have large receptive fields b. their receptive fields are circular c. they receive indirect synaptic input from a large number of rod photoreceptors d. there is substantial convergence of rod photoreceptors to retinal ganglion cells e. all of the above

e. all of the above

An anterograde tracer injected into the left eye will be carried by __________ to ___________. a. kinesin to the posterior left superior colliculus and anterior and middle right superior colliculus b. kinesin to all portions of the right superior colliculus and anterior and middle left superior colliculus c. dynein equally to all portions of both superior colliculi d. kinesin to the left superior colliculus but only the posterior portion of the right superior colliculus e. none of the above

b. kinesin to all portions of the right superior colliculus and anterior and middle left superior colliculus

Complete ablation of area V1 will result in a. blindsight b. the ability to visually track objects without being consciously aware c. complete inability to perceive objects anywhere in the visual field d. both b and c e. all of the above

e. all of the above

The density of cone photoreceptors is highest in: a. the fovea b. the optic disc c. the peripheral retina d. cone photoreceptors are evenly distributed across the retina e. the cone zone

a. the fovea

In humans, the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus on the left side a. receives only axons originating from the right eye b. receives only axons originating from the left eye c. receives axonal input from both eyes - but only information about the right visual field d. receives axonal input from both eyes - but only information about the left visual field e. none of the above

c. receives axonal input from both eyes - but only information about the right visual field

Which landmark divides the frontal and parietal lobes a. the Sylvian fissure b. the longitudinal sulcus c. the frontal-parietal divide d. the central sulcus e. the calcarine fissure

d. the central sulcus

Which of the following would most likely be a useful treatment for Schizophrenia? a. dopamine receptor agonists b. a drug that inhibits the synthesis of L-DOPA. c. amphetamines d. serotonin receptor agonists e. L-DOPA

b. a drug that inhibits the synthesis of L-DOPA.

Which of the following is/are NOT true about rods in the dark? a. membrane potential in the rods is depolarized in the dark b. retinal exists in its all trans configuration in the dark c. there is a rapid influx of Na+ through the cGMP-gated sodium channels d. cGMP-gated sodium channels in the rods' outer segments are open in the dark e. all of the above statements are true

b. retinal exists in its all trans configuration in the dark