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introduction to neuroscience > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Systems neuroscience

A

circuits of neurons that interact to perform some function

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2
Q

Neural Coding

A

How information is represented in neural activity

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3
Q

Action Potential Frequency

A

External information is represented by the number of action potentials that a neuron admits in a certain time window
Higher firing rate = stronger sensory singal

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4
Q

Coordinated Activity

A

Precision of spikes among different neurons (more precision = stronger signal)

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5
Q

Graded Potential

A

Amplitude of depolarization codes for the strength of a sensory signal (Greater amplitude = greater strength)

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5
Q

Central Pathway

A

Sensory signal transmitted from peripheral neurons to central neurons in the brain

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6
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Convert external sensory information into neural activity so that other neurons can recognize it.
Cells that transduce energy to electrical activity to be passed on to other neurons; Can be specialized to detect different features of the same input

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7
Q

Receptive field

A

location in the environment of surface of body from which the appropriate stimulus will change the cell’s activity

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8
Q

Topographic Map

A

Orderly representation of the sensory space in the nervous system

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9
Q

Phototransduction

A

Conversion of light energy into neural activity

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10
Q

Pupil

A

Opening that allows light to enter the eye

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11
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of the eye: Controls amount of light reaching the eye by changing the size of the pupil

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12
Q

Cornea

A

Covers pupil and iris, involved in refraction of light

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13
Q

Sclera

A

White part of the eye

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14
Q

Extraocular Muscles

A

Control eye movement

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15
Q

Fovea

A

Center of vision, where light can directly reach photoreceptors, provides color and high resolution vision

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16
Q

5 Major Types of cells in the retina

A
  1. Retinal Ganglion cells
  2. Amacrine cells
  3. bipolar
  4. Horizontal cells
  5. Photoreceptor cells
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17
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Only cell type directly affected by light

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18
Q

Retinal ganglion cells

A

only cells that generate action potentials in the retina

19
Q

Linear (Direct) pathways

A
  • Photoreceptors -> Bipolar cells -> Retinal ganglion cells
  • Parallel to the path of light
20
Q

Lateral (indirect) Pathway

A

-Photoreceptors -> Horizontal cells -> bipolar cells -> amacrine cells -> RGC
- Perpendicular to the path of light

21
Q

Rods

A

Sensitive to light, low acuity vision, achromatic, rare in fovea

22
Q

Cones

A

High acuity vision, low sensitivity to light, color sensitive, concentrated in fovea

23
Q

Photoreceptors in the dark

A

-cGMP binds to cGMP gated Na+ Channel
-cGMP keeps channel open, allows Na+ influx
- Photoreceptor cell membrane remains depolarized (-30 mV)
- Glutamate constantly released at terminal

24
Q

Photoreceptors in the light

A
  • Light stimulation reduces cGMP
  • Na+ channel closes, membrane hyperpolarizes (-65mV)
  • Glutamate release stopped
25
Q

Rhodopsin

A

light-sensitive protein, where transduction takes place

26
Q

1st step of light decreasing cGMP

A

light hits rhodospin

27
Q

2nd step of light decreasing cGMP

A

Conformation of rhodopsin changes, activates transduction (G-protein)

28
Q

3rd step of light decreasing cGMP

A

transducin activates phosphodiesterase catalyzes hydrolysis of cGMP to GMP

29
Q

4th step of light decreasing cGMP

A

Na+ channels close, cell hyperpolarizes (degree depends on light intensity)

30
Q

Action potential by a neuron in a pain system

A

perception of pain

31
Q

Action potential by a neuron in the visual system

A

perception of sight

32
Q

action potential by a neuron in a motor system

A

movement

33
Q

Action potential by a neuron in a system underlying emotion

A

feeling of fear or another emotion

34
Q

Subsystems

A

neurons in different subsystem code for different functions.

35
Q

How images are projected onto the retina

A

image is inverted, different receptive fields correspond to different parts of the image

36
Q

Photoreceptor receptive field

A

-circular
-determined by location in the retina
-responds to changes in light intensity

37
Q

Periphery receptive field

A

consists of all photoreceptors in one area, has a bigger receptive field, consists of Magno-type ganglion cells

38
Q

Fovea receptive field

A

consists of few photoreceptors, has a smaller receptive field allowing for higher resolution vision, consists of parvo- type ganglion cells

39
Q

Receptive field overlap

A

Divergence of signals from one photoreceptor cell onto multiple neighboring retinal ganglion cells

40
Q

RGC Receptive field

A

Center sorround

41
Q

On center ganglion cells

A

light increase in center = AP firing increase
Light increase in surround = AP firing decrease

42
Q

Off center ganglion cells

A

light increase in center = AP firing decrease
Light increase in surround = AP firing increase

43
Q

On Center bipolar cell

A
  • contains inhibitory glutamate receptors
  • Hyperpolarized in darkness, depolarized in light
44
Q

Off center bipolar cell

A
  • Contains excitatory glutamate receptors
  • depolarized in darkness, hyperpolarized in light

introduction to neuroscience (3 decks)

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