Final problems Flashcards
Why do diabetic patients feel so thirsty? Sometimes their breath has an acetone smell what is the reason
• Diabetic patients feel thirsty because water from the body tissues is used up to maintain the ph.
What is the defective part in type II diabetes
When you age into your 60s, resistance develops between the interaction between insulin and insulin receptors. There is a defect or inefficiency in the insulin and insulin receptor system as they don’t work as good as they used to. Higher amount of glucose and insulin is required for the molecules to bind to the receptor
What is the primary defect in type I diabetes
Type I diabetic patients do not produce enough insulin so they need to injectfed with insulin constantly
Excessive alcohol consumption causes liver damage by cirosis. As a biochemist trained in energy metabolism, what will be your scientific explanation?
The enzymes that are going to catabolize alcohol are the alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase so they are going to produce 2 molecules of NADH, and NADH is a strong inhibitor of GAPDH, PDC, beta hydroxyaceyl CoA dehydrogenase, so there will be an accumulation of fatty acids, inhibition of gluconeogenesis, hyper lactic acidemia, and accumulation of acidic acid as well. Therefore this lead to cirrhosis which damage the liver.
Two friends, a body builder and a chubby person (with high amount of fat) are lost in a desert, with no food and water. Who will survive for longer period in this condition? Who will be affected seriously first?
The chubby person will survive longer because fat is a longer storage of energy consumption and when catabolized, it produces metabolic water.
Dr. Pandey (weighing 70 Kg) was advised by his doctor to not to use elevator, and climb to 10th floor (30 meter) daily in order to reduce weight. Given that; DG for ATP hydrolysis = 50 kJ/mole g = 10 m/sec2 molecular weight of Glucose 180 Find out how much weight will be lost if Dr Pandey did this exercise one every day for 300 days.
PE = mgh
How do camels in ddesert in the desert survive without food and water for weeks?
On their humps, camels have lots of fat stored. When it is catabolized it can slowly generate water. Camels can survive in the desert without water and food for weeks since they can generate energy and water by fat catabolism
Acetone is one of the ketone bodies, but it does not produce any energy. Why and under what condition should it be produced
Under extreme conditions of starvation or people with diabetes, excess catabolism of fatty acid produces lots of ketone bodies. Excess ketone bodies cause the blood to be very acidic. To reduce the acidity, acetoacetate is converted to acetone. Acetone does not produce energy because its only goal is to control the pH of the blood and balance it.
How does leptin control fat deposition in mice
Leptin is a peptide hormone produced from the fat. When adipocytes have lots of fat stored, they synthesize and secrete leptin. Leptin goes to the brain via blood and in the hypothalamus, it gives two signals.
In many of the overweight patients there is normal amount of leptin. How do you explain weight gain
For diabetic patients, despite having insulin, they still cannot absorb glucose because of the resistance it has from interacting with insulin receptors. Same case with leptin. As insulin is the regulator of glucose, leptin is the regulator of fat deposit. Even though leptin is present in the body, it’s interaction with the leptin receptor is inefficient. This causes people to gain weight because even though there is leptin present, it is of no use.
What are the Cori and glucose-alanine cycle
In cori cycle, lactate is produced in the muscle and in the liver, lactate gets converted to glucose. Glucose-alanine cycle: In the muscle, the amino group coming out from the amino acid catabolism gets loaded onto pyruvate. Pyruvate then becomes alanine. Alanine comes to the liver; the amino group is taken out for urea cycle, and it becomes pyruvate again. Pyruvate gets converted to glucose and reaches to the liver. Amino acids are catabolized for energy only when there isn’t sufficient glucose in the system. During that time, amino acid is catabolized for energy and at the same time, liver starts generating glucose via gluconeogenesis (uses the carbon skeleton from amino acid to make glucose).
Can you design a diagnostic test for detection of thymine deficeicency based on the urine samples
Thymine deficiency: thymine is a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and branched chain ketoacyl dehydrogenase complex. If branched chain ketoacyl dehydrogenase complex is inhibited because of thymine (it will be inhibited because there is no thymine), then the branched chain ketoacids will be accumulated in the urine and excreted out. They smell like maple syrup!! You can design a diagnostic test which can detect the branched chain ketoacids in the urine.
In the treatment of diabetes insulin is given intravenously, why can’t this hormone be taken orally?
Insulin is a peptide hormone which gets broken down by the stomach. Type II diabetic patients take drugs such as metformin to maintain their blood glucose but later, they become resistant to the drugs and can’t control blood glucose levels. They end up injecting insulin in their body two or three times a day. They are injecting insulin because they insulin and its receptor interaction is very low in people with type II diabetics. Injecting insulin into the body increases the insulin concentrations in the body very high. Suddenly, with high concentrations of insulin, insulins bind to its receptors due to high affinity, forcing it to work properly. When you have just injected insulin, all the insulin molecules go in and bind to the receptors and within minutes, all the glucose is absorbed. The glucose level goes down that patient’s faint. That’s why diabetic patients eat chocolates to bring back the glucose level
E. Under certain conditions, most of the functions of the liver can be performed by other organs
E
E) the synthesis of urea in liver and degradation of urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia by bacteria in the gut
A
