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Metabolism > 1. Bioenergetics > Flashcards

1. Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Energy and mass relationship

A

E=mc^2

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2
Q

Describe the plasma state

A

nuclei and electrons separated

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3
Q

Hydrogen exists as a _________in plasma state

A

proton

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4
Q

Formation of _______ from _______ hydrogen atoms is one of the most common nuclear reaction in solar plasma.

A

helium

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5
Q

What are the FOUR states of matter?

A

solid, liquid, gas, plasma

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6
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

The total energy of the universe is constant and cannot be created or destroyed.

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7
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Disorder of the universe increases in all natural processes

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8
Q

Most EN atom in biological systems

A

Oxygen

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9
Q

Strongest bond in biomolecules

A

N-N triple bond

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10
Q

Run through functional groups on slide 18 and 19

A

Okay

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11
Q

Free energy (G): It is an amount of energy capable of doing work during a reaction at constant temperature and pressure. When a reaction proceeds with release of free energy, the free energy change DeltaG has a negative value and the reaction is called __________. Opposite is __________ reaction in which there is gain of free energy.

A

exergonic

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12
Q

When there is release of heat during a reaction it is referred to as __________ reaction and the DeltaH is negative. Opposite is __________ reaction with DeltaH positive.

A

exothermic

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13
Q

There is always an increase in entropy or gain of entropy of the overall system in any reaction (deltaS is always +). True or false?

A

TRUE

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14
Q

free energy equation

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

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15
Q

_________ is most compact, ordered form of energy

A

mass

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16
Q

Delta G for biological reactions is equal to?

A

0

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17
Q

Cells are _________ systems i.e. they function at constant temperature and pressure.

A

isothermal

18
Q

Both plants and heterotropic cells use this nutrients and transform the free energy in nutrient into ATP or other energy-rich compound. This process is called __________.

A

catabolism

19
Q

The free energy stored in energy-rich compounds is used by the cell to synthesize various compound and ingredients and this process is called __________.

A

anabolism

20
Q

Where is the disorder found that is used by plants?

A

The sun

21
Q

equilibrium constant Keq =

A

Keq = [C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b

22
Q

standard free energy change equation

A

ΔG’° = -RTlnK’eq

23
Q

actual free energy change equation

A

ΔG= ΔG’° + RTln([C][D]/[A][B])

24
Q

What are the standard conditions at which standard free energy change of a reaction is determined?

A

298K (25 degrees Celsius) and 1 atm pressure with 1M products and reactants

25
Q

Why do we not use standard free energy values in our bodies?

A

concentration varies

26
Q

Four reasons for high energy of hydrolysis of ATP:

A

1.Resonance stabilization of products (inorganic phosphate product has 4 resonance forms)

27
Q

Why is 2 negatively charged oxygen’s so much more stable than the ATP?

A

Magnesium co-ordinates with 2 of the negative charges to neutralize them

28
Q

Resonance stabilization of product lead to spontaneous reaction. Specifically how?

A

By increasing entropy!

29
Q

In living systems, electron flow from various electron carrier to oxygen and the ________________________ ____________ generated is utilized for various energy transduction reactions.

A

electromotive force

30
Q

Explain how to find oxidation number given structures

A

Count number of bonds to oxygen and every C-H bond is a -1

31
Q

Electrons are transferred from one molecule (electron donor) to another (electron acceptor) in one of the four different ways:

A
  1. Direct electron transfers
32
Q

Nernst Equation

A

E = Eo + RT/nf ln [electron acceptor]/[electron donor]

33
Q

Nernst equation at 25 degrees

A

E = Eo + 0.026V/n ln [electron acceptor]/[electron donor]

34
Q

Free energy change equation when using reduction potential

A

ΔG = -nfΔE or

35
Q

Negative reduction potentials mean greater ability to get ________ (lose electrons)

A

Oxygen

36
Q

Draw out the mechanism of hydride ion transfer in NAD

A

Okay

37
Q

Give 4 qualities about metabolic pathways

A

1.Metabolic pathways are irreversible

38
Q

Homolytic and heterolytic cleavage difference

A

homolytic –> forms carbon radicals

39
Q

SN1 vs SN2

A

SN1 is ONE step at a time (LG leaves then Nuc- attacks) - Racemic

40
Q

Experimental approaches to study metabolism: (4)

A
  1. Nutrient to Product via radio-labeled nutrients
41
Q

If something is in abundance, you know that its conversion step is being inhibited (used to study how well an inhibitor works)

A

iodoacetamide

42
Q

Describe the steps to how a genetic defect can cause problems in metabolism AND eventually be detected:

A
  • Mutation in a particular gene

Metabolism (14 decks)

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