1. Bioenergetics Flashcards
Energy and mass relationship
E=mc^2
Describe the plasma state
nuclei and electrons separated
Hydrogen exists as a _________in plasma state
proton
Formation of _______ from _______ hydrogen atoms is one of the most common nuclear reaction in solar plasma.
helium
What are the FOUR states of matter?
solid, liquid, gas, plasma
First law of thermodynamics
The total energy of the universe is constant and cannot be created or destroyed.
Second law of thermodynamics
Disorder of the universe increases in all natural processes
Most EN atom in biological systems
Oxygen
Strongest bond in biomolecules
N-N triple bond
Run through functional groups on slide 18 and 19
Okay
Free energy (G): It is an amount of energy capable of doing work during a reaction at constant temperature and pressure. When a reaction proceeds with release of free energy, the free energy change DeltaG has a negative value and the reaction is called __________. Opposite is __________ reaction in which there is gain of free energy.
exergonic
When there is release of heat during a reaction it is referred to as __________ reaction and the DeltaH is negative. Opposite is __________ reaction with DeltaH positive.
exothermic
There is always an increase in entropy or gain of entropy of the overall system in any reaction (deltaS is always +). True or false?
TRUE
free energy equation
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
_________ is most compact, ordered form of energy
mass
Delta G for biological reactions is equal to?
0
Cells are _________ systems i.e. they function at constant temperature and pressure.
isothermal
Both plants and heterotropic cells use this nutrients and transform the free energy in nutrient into ATP or other energy-rich compound. This process is called __________.
catabolism
The free energy stored in energy-rich compounds is used by the cell to synthesize various compound and ingredients and this process is called __________.
anabolism
Where is the disorder found that is used by plants?
The sun
equilibrium constant Keq =
Keq = [C]c[D]d/[A]a[B]b
standard free energy change equation
ΔG’° = -RTlnK’eq
actual free energy change equation
ΔG= ΔG’° + RTln([C][D]/[A][B])
What are the standard conditions at which standard free energy change of a reaction is determined?
298K (25 degrees Celsius) and 1 atm pressure with 1M products and reactants
Why do we not use standard free energy values in our bodies?
concentration varies
Four reasons for high energy of hydrolysis of ATP:
1.Resonance stabilization of products (inorganic phosphate product has 4 resonance forms)
Why is 2 negatively charged oxygen’s so much more stable than the ATP?
Magnesium co-ordinates with 2 of the negative charges to neutralize them
Resonance stabilization of product lead to spontaneous reaction. Specifically how?
By increasing entropy!
In living systems, electron flow from various electron carrier to oxygen and the ________________________ ____________ generated is utilized for various energy transduction reactions.
electromotive force
Explain how to find oxidation number given structures
Count number of bonds to oxygen and every C-H bond is a -1
Electrons are transferred from one molecule (electron donor) to another (electron acceptor) in one of the four different ways:
- Direct electron transfers
Nernst Equation
E = Eo + RT/nf ln [electron acceptor]/[electron donor]
Nernst equation at 25 degrees
E = Eo + 0.026V/n ln [electron acceptor]/[electron donor]
Free energy change equation when using reduction potential
ΔG = -nfΔE or
Negative reduction potentials mean greater ability to get ________ (lose electrons)
Oxygen
Draw out the mechanism of hydride ion transfer in NAD
Okay
Give 4 qualities about metabolic pathways
1.Metabolic pathways are irreversible
Homolytic and heterolytic cleavage difference
homolytic –> forms carbon radicals
SN1 vs SN2
SN1 is ONE step at a time (LG leaves then Nuc- attacks) - Racemic
Experimental approaches to study metabolism: (4)
- Nutrient to Product via radio-labeled nutrients
If something is in abundance, you know that its conversion step is being inhibited (used to study how well an inhibitor works)
iodoacetamide
Describe the steps to how a genetic defect can cause problems in metabolism AND eventually be detected:
- Mutation in a particular gene
