Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HumBio 3B - 2ndHalf > final prep 2 > Flashcards

final prep 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Rat study PTSD

A

shock, freeze, bell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

acute stress and immune function - hypothesis

A

short term stress will enhance immune function in places that are likely to be compromised by physical impacts of a stressor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does Barracks, Boulevards, Battlefields mean?

A

soldiers= immune cells
barracks = spleen and bone marrow
boulevards=bloodstream
battlefields=skin, lymph nodes

stress causes immune system to activate, and send soliders to battlefield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

do blood leukocytes levels decrease after stress exposure?

A

yes, but they recover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

do researchers think that the leukocytes are destroyed as a result of a stressor? Why?

A

no, they believe that they’re redistributed because they recover within 5 hours, which is too quick for the cells to be reproduced if they’re destroyed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

do leukocyte levels increase in areas of vulnerability after an acute stressor?

A

yes! mice with a sponge under the skin had more leukocytes in the sponge after a stressor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

does leukocyte redistribution affect outcomes?

A

yes, people that were “high redistributors” had better outcomes post knee surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

list elements of the HPA axis

A

hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, adrenal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

list hormones of the HPA axiss

A

CRH, ACTH, CORT, Cortisol (humans), corticosterone(rats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cortisol inhibits what 3 glands/organs from producing stress hormones

A

hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the first unexposed gen in a non-preg female or a male?

A

F2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the first unexposed gen in a preg female

A

F3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

example of non-human animal engaging in adolescent risk taking behavior

A

adolescent monkeys jump the farthes distances compared to monkeys of other ages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what neurotransmitter is thought to be involved in motivational aspects of risk taking behavior?

A

dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what part of the brain is thought to be involved in the cog processes that moderate the effect of the mesolimbic dopamine reward system on risk-taking behavior?

A

PFC - prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What was the result from the stoplight task?

A

adolescents made more risky decisions when a friend was present. A peer enhances emotional arousal and they use less cognitive (inhibitory) control and make riskier decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Why do adolescents engage in riskier behavior?

A

PFC is not fully developed, so inhibitory control is limited. Increased sensitivity to dopamine, get more pleasure from risk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

being with peers enhances ______ ______

A

emotional arousal and results and inhibitory control deficits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What did Klineberg propose as the explanation for reported IQ differences between Black children living in the south vs. north (urban)?

A

black children with higher IQ were more likely to move north to seek a more stimulating environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what did Klineberg discover that refuted his hypothesis of selective migration?

A

IQ of black children that moved north correlated with length of residence in NYC. More stimulating environment increased IQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

two features of elaborated code

A

context-independent (explicit meanings), longer utterances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

two features of restricted code

A

context-specific (implicit meanings), shorter utterances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

two things that looking-while-listening measures:

A

accuracy - time spent looking at correct picture vs. total time

speed of orientation - how quickly do they look at the right picture when they start off looking at the wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how did Looking-while-listening support late talkers?

A

late talkers (‘late bloomers’) who had fast processing at 18 mos were more to catch up, while late talkers who were slower at 18 mos were less likely to catch up (“true late talkers”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

“true late talker”

A

kids that started talking late and were unlikely to catch up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

“late bloomers”

A

kids that started talking late, but would catch up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe Hart/Risley 30 million word gap

A

professional class children hear 30 million more words than children in welfare class by age 3-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers produced in the body or brain that act at a distance to regulate other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

activational hormone

A

temporary effects that come and go w presence/absence of hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

ghrelin

A

secreted by stomach, acts as deficit signal- hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

leptin

A

produced by fat cells, stimulates to eat less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

organizational hormone

A

permanent structural and functional effects on brain or body during sensitive periods (testosterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

findings of rough/tubmle androgen study

A

androgen treatments in late female fetal dev regardless of duration significantly shift rough and tumble plat to more closely resemble the male behavior

34
Q

findings of rough/tumble androgen study

A

androgen treatments in late female fetal dev regardless of duration significantly shift rough and tumble plat to more closely resemble the male behavior

35
Q

Neel’s thrifty genotype hypothesis

A

DNA evolution triggered by change in the environment. Example: Pima genotype gets fat in US with high carb, high fat diet

36
Q

Gluckman’s Predictive adaptive pathway model

A

gene expression (epigenetic) changes with env changes - could be adaptive or maladaptive in rapidly changing environment

37
Q

7 priorities in community engaged learning

A 
reciprocity and learning though partnership
clear expectations and commitments
preparation
respect for diversity
safety and wellbeing
reflection and evaluation
humility
38
Q

cultural deprivation model

A

poor, racial minority children are “deprived” and “lack culture” where culture refers to middle class norms - blame the victim model

39
Q

cultural difference model

A

differences in culture, understand the diffs without judgement

40
Q

Kusserow - “the workings of class”

A

hard vs soft individualism - toughen up/ emotional control vs soft, delicate flower/snowflake

41
Q

theory of mind

A

ability to empathize - recognize that you have inner mental life that differs from others - others cannot hear your thoughts

42
Q

centration

A

tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation - lack of cog flex - difficulty grasping entire situation

43
Q

cognitive flexibility

A

how well can one adjust their thoughts and actions from one context to another - multitasking

44
Q

working memory

A

how well can one keep sets of rules/info in mind for given amount of time

45
Q

inhibitory control

A

marshmellow test - how well can one inhibit an automatic repsonse - example blue word that’s colored red. What color is it?

46
Q

scaffolding

A

supporting child in diff contexts so they can succeed w present skillset

47
Q

ZPA - zone of proximal development

A

activities that child cannot complete on their own, but can compete with caregiver help

48
Q

social referencing

A

infant looking to caregiver for clues about danger of situation

49
Q

importance of secure attachment

A

higher self esteem, coping with novelty or failure, persistence in problem solving, independence, less behavior problems, pro-social behavior, curiosity

50
Q

how do we evaluate infant attachment?

A

stange situation test - mother/baby enter room, orient, then stranger enters, mom leaves, mom returns - how does infant respond?

51
Q

limitations of the strange situation test?

A

cultural variation in what is actually strange. Some kids have busy homes, with many family members/people. Certain cultures would inherently fail.

52
Q

limitations of the strange situation test?

A

cultural variation in what is actually strange. Some kids have busy homes, with many family members/people. Certain cultures would inherently fail.

53
Q

what is quality care

A

care outside the home, non-primary care give - center or daycare. Attachment possible. Better cog outcomes

54
Q

what did Pollak learn about abused kids?

A

children who were abused can recognize angry faces sooner/with less information

55
Q

according to behavioral theorists, what is the reason for infant-mother attachment?

A

children are conditioned by food to form attachments with caregivers - voice/face/small function as positive reinforcements of effective in shaping behavior

56
Q

romanian orphan studies.. ?

A

children confined to crib 20+ hours, high caregiver turn over - minimal human interaction resulted in cognitive impairments if not adopted before 2 years

57
Q

Harlow’s monkey study, how does it contradict behavioral theory of attachment?

A

monkeys clung to terry cloth mother and used it as a ‘base’, instead of the feeding, steel mother

58
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues that might tell participants what behaviors are desired or expected of them

59
Q

counterbalancing

A

method for controlling order effects in a repeated measures design

60
Q

habituation/dishabituation procedure

A

display one image until the infant habituates to that image and loses interest, then present second image and see if infant shows renewed interest(dishabituates). If they do, then they can tell a difference

61
Q

visual preference paradigm

A

display two images simultaneously, if infant cannot perceive diff, they would look at both for same amount of time. If they look at one more than the other, we know there’s a difference

62
Q

3 executive function skills

A

inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, working memory

63
Q

inhibitory control example

A

word/colors - blurting out the actual color of the word instead of what it says

64
Q

working memory example

A

remembering a phone number long enough to dial it

65
Q

cognitive flexibility example

A

multitasking

66
Q

A no B error - why?

A

object permanence - can’t understand that objects continue to exists although they cannot be seen

67
Q

other A not B explanations

A

inhibitory control, they can’t inhibit their initial thought, which is an artifact

68
Q

diathesis

A

a risk factor or predisposition for a given condition (ex. north

69
Q

what part of the brain is associated with fear conditioning in PTSD

A

amygdala

70
Q

how do you produce extinction of a stimulus in rodents?

A

present the CS (bell) over and over without the UCS(shock) until the CS alone no longer promotes the fear response

71
Q

using the glucocorticoid hypothesis, how can chronic HPA activation cause a decrease in hippocampal volume?

A

stressor-> hypersecretion of cortisol -> increased levels of cortisol in blood -> cortisol has neurotoxic effects - > dendritic atrophy - > smaller hippocampal volume

72
Q

increase levels of cortisol in blood can have _____ effects

A

neurotoxic

73
Q

increase levels of cortisol in blood can have _____ effects

A

neurotoxic

74
Q

the ______ is involved in fear extincion

A

pre-frontal cortex

75
Q

the ______ moderates fear extinction by the ________

A

hippocampus, prefrontal cortex

76
Q

one study that supports the role of the amygdala in ptsd

A

soldiers with damaged amygdala had 0% ptsd

77
Q

another study that supports role of the amygdala in ptsd

A

lesioned amygdalas in rats impaired retention of conditioned fear memories

78
Q

DSM diagnostic criteria for PTSD

A

Major, life threatening traumatic event followed by chronic Irritability, hypervigilance, and anger, along with other symptoms like avoidance,

79
Q

critical periods

A

limited period of plasticity, during which an external event influences the course of development more so than outside this period

80
Q

does alcohol freely cross the placenta during pregnancy?

A

yes

81
Q

brauer’s sensitive period criteria

A

all must have same experience at diff stages

experimenters must hold the duration of the manipulation constant or vary the duration systamatically

HumBio 3B - 2ndHalf (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions