final prep 2 Flashcards
Rat study PTSD
shock, freeze, bell
acute stress and immune function - hypothesis
short term stress will enhance immune function in places that are likely to be compromised by physical impacts of a stressor
what does Barracks, Boulevards, Battlefields mean?
soldiers= immune cells
barracks = spleen and bone marrow
boulevards=bloodstream
battlefields=skin, lymph nodes
stress causes immune system to activate, and send soliders to battlefield
do blood leukocytes levels decrease after stress exposure?
yes, but they recover
do researchers think that the leukocytes are destroyed as a result of a stressor? Why?
no, they believe that they’re redistributed because they recover within 5 hours, which is too quick for the cells to be reproduced if they’re destroyed.
do leukocyte levels increase in areas of vulnerability after an acute stressor?
yes! mice with a sponge under the skin had more leukocytes in the sponge after a stressor
does leukocyte redistribution affect outcomes?
yes, people that were “high redistributors” had better outcomes post knee surgery
list elements of the HPA axis
hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, adrenal gland
list hormones of the HPA axiss
CRH, ACTH, CORT, Cortisol (humans), corticosterone(rats)
cortisol inhibits what 3 glands/organs from producing stress hormones
hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary
What is the first unexposed gen in a non-preg female or a male?
F2
What is the first unexposed gen in a preg female
F3
example of non-human animal engaging in adolescent risk taking behavior
adolescent monkeys jump the farthes distances compared to monkeys of other ages
what neurotransmitter is thought to be involved in motivational aspects of risk taking behavior?
dopamine
what part of the brain is thought to be involved in the cog processes that moderate the effect of the mesolimbic dopamine reward system on risk-taking behavior?
PFC - prefrontal cortex
What was the result from the stoplight task?
adolescents made more risky decisions when a friend was present. A peer enhances emotional arousal and they use less cognitive (inhibitory) control and make riskier decisions
Why do adolescents engage in riskier behavior?
PFC is not fully developed, so inhibitory control is limited. Increased sensitivity to dopamine, get more pleasure from risk.
being with peers enhances ______ ______
emotional arousal and results and inhibitory control deficits
What did Klineberg propose as the explanation for reported IQ differences between Black children living in the south vs. north (urban)?
black children with higher IQ were more likely to move north to seek a more stimulating environment
what did Klineberg discover that refuted his hypothesis of selective migration?
IQ of black children that moved north correlated with length of residence in NYC. More stimulating environment increased IQ
two features of elaborated code
context-independent (explicit meanings), longer utterances
two features of restricted code
context-specific (implicit meanings), shorter utterances
two things that looking-while-listening measures:
accuracy - time spent looking at correct picture vs. total time
speed of orientation - how quickly do they look at the right picture when they start off looking at the wrong
how did Looking-while-listening support late talkers?
late talkers (‘late bloomers’) who had fast processing at 18 mos were more to catch up, while late talkers who were slower at 18 mos were less likely to catch up (“true late talkers”)
“true late talker”
kids that started talking late and were unlikely to catch up
“late bloomers”
kids that started talking late, but would catch up
Describe Hart/Risley 30 million word gap
professional class children hear 30 million more words than children in welfare class by age 3-4
hormones
chemical messengers produced in the body or brain that act at a distance to regulate other cells
activational hormone
temporary effects that come and go w presence/absence of hormone
ghrelin
secreted by stomach, acts as deficit signal- hunger
leptin
produced by fat cells, stimulates to eat less
organizational hormone
permanent structural and functional effects on brain or body during sensitive periods (testosterone)
findings of rough/tubmle androgen study
androgen treatments in late female fetal dev regardless of duration significantly shift rough and tumble plat to more closely resemble the male behavior
findings of rough/tumble androgen study
androgen treatments in late female fetal dev regardless of duration significantly shift rough and tumble plat to more closely resemble the male behavior
Neel’s thrifty genotype hypothesis
DNA evolution triggered by change in the environment. Example: Pima genotype gets fat in US with high carb, high fat diet
Gluckman’s Predictive adaptive pathway model
gene expression (epigenetic) changes with env changes - could be adaptive or maladaptive in rapidly changing environment
7 priorities in community engaged learning
reciprocity and learning though partnership clear expectations and commitments preparation respect for diversity safety and wellbeing reflection and evaluation humility
cultural deprivation model
poor, racial minority children are “deprived” and “lack culture” where culture refers to middle class norms - blame the victim model
cultural difference model
differences in culture, understand the diffs without judgement
Kusserow - “the workings of class”
hard vs soft individualism - toughen up/ emotional control vs soft, delicate flower/snowflake
theory of mind
ability to empathize - recognize that you have inner mental life that differs from others - others cannot hear your thoughts
centration
tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation - lack of cog flex - difficulty grasping entire situation
cognitive flexibility
how well can one adjust their thoughts and actions from one context to another - multitasking
working memory
how well can one keep sets of rules/info in mind for given amount of time
inhibitory control
marshmellow test - how well can one inhibit an automatic repsonse - example blue word that’s colored red. What color is it?
scaffolding
supporting child in diff contexts so they can succeed w present skillset
ZPA - zone of proximal development
activities that child cannot complete on their own, but can compete with caregiver help
social referencing
infant looking to caregiver for clues about danger of situation
importance of secure attachment
higher self esteem, coping with novelty or failure, persistence in problem solving, independence, less behavior problems, pro-social behavior, curiosity
how do we evaluate infant attachment?
stange situation test - mother/baby enter room, orient, then stranger enters, mom leaves, mom returns - how does infant respond?
limitations of the strange situation test?
cultural variation in what is actually strange. Some kids have busy homes, with many family members/people. Certain cultures would inherently fail.
limitations of the strange situation test?
cultural variation in what is actually strange. Some kids have busy homes, with many family members/people. Certain cultures would inherently fail.
what is quality care
care outside the home, non-primary care give - center or daycare. Attachment possible. Better cog outcomes
what did Pollak learn about abused kids?
children who were abused can recognize angry faces sooner/with less information
according to behavioral theorists, what is the reason for infant-mother attachment?
children are conditioned by food to form attachments with caregivers - voice/face/small function as positive reinforcements of effective in shaping behavior
romanian orphan studies.. ?
children confined to crib 20+ hours, high caregiver turn over - minimal human interaction resulted in cognitive impairments if not adopted before 2 years
Harlow’s monkey study, how does it contradict behavioral theory of attachment?
monkeys clung to terry cloth mother and used it as a ‘base’, instead of the feeding, steel mother
demand characteristics
cues that might tell participants what behaviors are desired or expected of them
counterbalancing
method for controlling order effects in a repeated measures design
habituation/dishabituation procedure
display one image until the infant habituates to that image and loses interest, then present second image and see if infant shows renewed interest(dishabituates). If they do, then they can tell a difference
visual preference paradigm
display two images simultaneously, if infant cannot perceive diff, they would look at both for same amount of time. If they look at one more than the other, we know there’s a difference
3 executive function skills
inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, working memory
inhibitory control example
word/colors - blurting out the actual color of the word instead of what it says
working memory example
remembering a phone number long enough to dial it
cognitive flexibility example
multitasking
A no B error - why?
object permanence - can’t understand that objects continue to exists although they cannot be seen
other A not B explanations
inhibitory control, they can’t inhibit their initial thought, which is an artifact
diathesis
a risk factor or predisposition for a given condition (ex. north
what part of the brain is associated with fear conditioning in PTSD
amygdala
how do you produce extinction of a stimulus in rodents?
present the CS (bell) over and over without the UCS(shock) until the CS alone no longer promotes the fear response
using the glucocorticoid hypothesis, how can chronic HPA activation cause a decrease in hippocampal volume?
stressor-> hypersecretion of cortisol -> increased levels of cortisol in blood -> cortisol has neurotoxic effects - > dendritic atrophy - > smaller hippocampal volume
increase levels of cortisol in blood can have _____ effects
neurotoxic
increase levels of cortisol in blood can have _____ effects
neurotoxic
the ______ is involved in fear extincion
pre-frontal cortex
the ______ moderates fear extinction by the ________
hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
one study that supports the role of the amygdala in ptsd
soldiers with damaged amygdala had 0% ptsd
another study that supports role of the amygdala in ptsd
lesioned amygdalas in rats impaired retention of conditioned fear memories
DSM diagnostic criteria for PTSD
Major, life threatening traumatic event followed by chronic Irritability, hypervigilance, and anger, along with other symptoms like avoidance,
critical periods
limited period of plasticity, during which an external event influences the course of development more so than outside this period
does alcohol freely cross the placenta during pregnancy?
yes
brauer’s sensitive period criteria
all must have same experience at diff stages
experimenters must hold the duration of the manipulation constant or vary the duration systamatically
