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counseling theories > Final Practice > Flashcards

Final Practice Flashcards

1
Q

In operant conditioning, behaviors are influenced primarily by the consequences that follow them.

A

true

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2
Q

Behavior therapists examine situations in a client’s current environment that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental contingencies.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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3
Q

The classroom is a particularly useful place to teach mindfulness, since it focuses on attention.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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4
Q

B.F. Skinner is credited with the idea of social learning, which combines classical and operant conditioning.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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5
Q

Behavioral techniques can be effectively incorporated into a group counseling format.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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6
Q

The third generation of behavioral practices includes mindfulness-based practices.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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7
Q

Behavior therapists tend to be active and directive.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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8
Q

Multimodal therapy discourages technical eclecticism.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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9
Q

Relaxation training has benefits in health-related areas such as pain management.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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10
Q

A self-management program should include specific behavioral goals.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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11
Q

Contemporary behavior therapy is grounded in:
a. a systematic approach to counseling.
b. the psychodynamic aspects of a person.
c. the events of the first 5 years of life.
d. a philosophical view of the human condition.

A

a systematic approach to counseling

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12
Q

What was the major focus of cognitive behavioral approaches in the 1960s?
a. The role of biological factors in psychological disorders
b. Characteristics of the objective environment
c. Cognitive representations of the environment
d. Integration of the concepts of behavioral and cognitive therapies

A

Cognitive representations of the environment

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13
Q

Which of the following assists clients in conceptualizing and using a new set of social skills?
a. Feedback and reinforcement
b. Relaxation technique
c. Subjective diagnosis
d. Examination of specific behaviors

A

Feedback and reinforcement

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14
Q

Which of the following is most accurate regarding behavior therapy?
a. The working relationship between therapist and client is unimportant.
b. Therapy is not complete unless actions follow verbalizations.
c. Insight is necessary for behavior change to occur.
d. Assessment is regarded as largely irrelevant.

A

b. Therapy is not complete unless actions follow verbalizations.

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15
Q

Most behavioral practitioners stress the value of establishing a collaborative working relationship with clients but contend that:
a. warmth, empathy, authenticity, permissiveness, and acceptance are necessary, but not sufficient, for behavior change to occur.
b. warmth, empathy, and acceptance are neither necessary nor a sufficient condition for behavior change to occur.
c. the relationship is more directive on the therapist’s part and submissive on the client’s part.
d. warmth, empathy, authenticity, and permissiveness are necessary and sufficient conditions for behavior change to occur.

A

warmth, empathy, authenticity, permissiveness, and acceptance are necessary, but not sufficient, for behavior change to occur

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16
Q

Applied behavior analysis makes use of:
a. operant conditioning techniques.
b. classical conditioning techniques.
c. progressive muscle relaxation.
d. cognitive behavioral techniques.

A

operant conditioning techniques.

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17
Q

Mindfulness-based stress reduction practices rely on:
a. experiential learning.
b. positive reinforcement.
c. didactic instruction.
d. negative reinforcement

A

experiential learning.

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18
Q

Dialectical behavior therapy:
a. has no empirical support for its validity.
b. is a promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques.
c. is a long-term therapy for treating depression.
d. is a form of operant conditioning used to treat anxiety-related problems.

A

is a promising blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques.

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19
Q

Which is true of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)?
a. DBT emphasizes the importance of the client–therapist relationship.
b. DBT incorporates a lack of empathy for problematic behaviors.
c. DBT was formulated for treating histrionic personality disorders.
d. DBT is a blend of Adlerian concepts and behavioral techniques.

A

DBT emphasizes the importance of the client–therapist relationship.

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20
Q

Which approach conceptualizes current mental health problems as related to neurophysiologically unprocessed memories?
a. Flooding
b. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
c. In vivo desensitization
d. Systematic desensitization

A

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing

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21
Q

Prolonged/intense exposure—either in real life or in imagination—to highly anxiety-evoking stimuli is called:
a. flooding.
b. self-management training.
c. systematic desensitization.
d. in vivo desensitization

A

a. flooding.

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22
Q

A shortcoming of behavioral therapy from a diversity perspective is:
a. its disregard for the client–therapist relationship.
b. the failure to consider the client’s sociocultural context.
c. its lack of research to evaluate the effectiveness of techniques.
d. the lack of clear concepts on which to base practice.

A

the failure to consider the client’s sociocultural context.

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23
Q

Contemporary behavior therapy places emphasis on:
a. encouraging clients to reexperience unfinished business.
b. a phenomenological approach to understanding the person.
c. the interplay between the individual and the environment.
d. helping clients acquire insight into the causes of their problems.

A

the interplay between the individual and the environment.

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24
Q

Which of the following is true of multimodal therapy?
a. The client agrees to a predetermined type of treatment.
b. Therapists set the goals for therapy.
c. The approach encourages technical dogmatism.
d. Therapeutic flexibility and versatility are valued highly.

A

Therapeutic flexibility and versatility are valued highly.

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25
Q

Which of the following is considered one of the basic characteristics of contemporary behavior therapy?
a. The therapist is expected to be nondirective to the point of invisibility.
b. The therapy is an experiential and insight-oriented approach.
c. Emphasis is on specific factors that influence present functioning.
d. The focus is on assessing the past influences on behavior.

A

Emphasis is on specific factors that influence present functioning.

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26
Q

Cognitive behavior therapy is suitable for individualistic but not collectivistic cultures.
a. True
b. False

A

False

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27
Q

REBT practitioners strive to teach clients to unconditionally accept others and themselves.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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28
Q

All cognitive approaches assert that psychological distress is maintained by emotional difficulties.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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29
Q

A major contribution of cognitive-behavioral theorists is the demystification of the therapy process.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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30
Q

According to Meichenbaum, behavior change occurs through the interaction of inner speech, cognitive structures, and behaviors.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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31
Q

REBT teaches children and adolescents that they are responsible for how others act.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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32
Q

Because it is confrontational, REBT is not suited to work with children or adolescents.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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33
Q

Ellis maintained that events themselves do not cause emotional disturbances; rather, it is our evaluation of and beliefs about these events that cause our problems.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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34
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy was philosophically based.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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35
Q

According to Beck, people become psychologically distressed when their thinking is erroneous or distorted.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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36
Q

A strengths-based cognitive behavior therapist would most likely say which of the following to a client with chronic problems?
a. “How can we modify your current approaches to work better?”
b. “What are you doing that is not working for you?”
c. “Let’s try to create a whole new way of being.”
d. “Let’s explore why you don’t seem to want to change.”

A

“Let’s try to create a whole new way of being.”

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37
Q

Which comparison of REBT and Beck’s cognitive therapy is accurate?
a. REBT encourages clients to reflect on personal issues, while cognitive therapy is logical and pragmatic.
b. REBT uses Socratic dialogue and open-ended questions, while cognitive therapy is highly directive and confrontational.
c. REBT therapists model rational thinking, while cognitive therapists help clients arrive at their own conclusions.
d. REBT focuses on helping clients identify misperceptions, while cognitive therapists aggressively challenge clients for faulty thinking.

A

REBT therapists model rational thinking, while cognitive therapists help clients arrive at their own conclusions.

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38
Q

Which of the following psychologists is most associated with strengths-based cognitive behavior therapy?
a. Beck
b. Ellis
c. Meichenbaum
d. Padesky

A

. Padesky

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39
Q

REBT views the core of emotional disturbances to be:
a. excessive feelings.
b. failure to fulfill our existential needs.
c. self-blame.
d. inadequate mothering during infancy

A

c. self-blame.

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40
Q

REBT asserts that the most efficient way for clients to be happier and better functioning is to change their:
a. way of thinking.
b. way of behaving.
c. way of relating.
d. way of feeling.

A

a. way of thinking.

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41
Q

Which of the following of the three basic musts or irrational beliefs of REBT inevitably leads to self-defeat?
a. “I must treat other people fairly, kindly, and well.”
b. “I must find a way to get unlimited resources.”
c. “I must create a comfortable, gratifying, and just life for those I love.”
d. “I must do well and be loved and approved by others.

A

I must do well and be loved and approved by others

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42
Q

The main idea of SB-CBT is which of the following?
a. That people contribute to their own psychological problems
b. That we learn irrational beliefs from significant others during childhood
c. That active incorporation of client strengths encourages clients to engage more fully in therapy
d. That the way people feel and behave is influenced by how they perceive

A

That active incorporation of client strengths encourages clients to engage more fully in therapy

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43
Q

Which of the following focuses more on helping clients become aware of their self-talk and the stories they tell about themselves?
a. Self-instructional training
b. Narrative therapy
c. Self-talk analysis
d. Self-awareness conditioning

A

a. Self-instructional training

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44
Q

Ena is a highly skilled programmer who, like all of us, occasionally makes mistakes. Rather than focus on their successes, which have been considerable, Ena focuses on their mistakes. This is an example of:
a. arbitrary inferences.
b. personalization.
c. labeling.
d. selective abstraction

A

d. selective abstraction

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45
Q

Cognitive behavior therapy tends to be culturally sensitive because:
a. cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act.
b. the best way to change thinking is to reexperience past emotional traumas in the here and now.
c. our feelings determine our actions.
d. it uses the individual’s belief system, or worldview, as part of the method of self-exploration.

A

it uses the individual’s belief system, or worldview, as part of the method of self-exploration.

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46
Q

In cognitive therapy, techniques are designed to:
a. enable clients to deal with their existential loneliness.
b. assist clients in substituting rational beliefs for irrational beliefs.
c. identify and examine a client’s beliefs.
d. help clients experience their feelings more intensely

A

identify and examine a client’s beliefs.

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47
Q

Which of the following is a cognitive distortion that involves categorizing experiences in either–or extremes?
a. Magnification and exaggeration
b. Overgeneralization
c. Arbitrary inference
d. Dichotomous thinking

A

d. Dichotomous thinking

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48
Q

Stress inoculation approaches assert that clients can cope more effectively when they learn to modify which of the following?
a. Cognitive sets
b. Behaviors
c. Physiological responses
d. Feelings

A

a. Cognitive sets

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49
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy was initially developed for the treatment of:
a. psychosomatic reactions.
b. stress symptoms.
c. depression.
d. phobias.

A

c. depression.

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50
Q

Beck’s cognitive therapy can be particularly useful with adolescents because it:
a. enables them to understand others.
b. helps them learn to suppress their emotions.
c. provides them with refusal skills.
d. encourages them to reflect on their cognitions

A

encourages them to reflect on their cognitions

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51
Q

According to choice theory, the quality world consists of specific images of people, activities, events, beliefs, possessions, and situations that fulfill our needs and wants.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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52
Q

Glasser was a strong proponent of diagnosis, which is a central focus of reality therapy.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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53
Q

Planning and commitment have central roles in reality therapy.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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54
Q

According to reality therapy, it is important to explore the past as a way to change current behavior.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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55
Q

One of the reality therapist’s functions is to make judgments about clients’ present behavior.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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56
Q

The primary focus of reality therapy is on attitudes and feelings.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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57
Q

Because of its emphasis on personal choice, reality therapy is usually not very well liked by or effective with children and adolescents.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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58
Q

According to reality therapy, insight is enough to produce change.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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59
Q

Basic human needs serve to focus reality therapy treatment planning and setting both short- and long-term goals.
a. True
b. False

A

true

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60
Q

The P of WDEP stands for pleasure, which comes from satisfying basic human needs.
a. True
b. False

A

false

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61
Q

Which of the following is a shortcoming of reality theory from a diversity standpoint?
a. It is overly focused on forces that operate against marginalized individuals.
b. Some people, because of oppression, have very limited choices.
c. It allows clients to select which behaviors to change.
d. It is difficult to apply the assumptions of reality therapy to other cultures.

A

Some people, because of oppression, have very limited choices.

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62
Q

According to reality approach, which of the following is most accurate about insight?
a. Insight is not sufficient for producing behavior change on its own.
b. Insight will come only with changed attitudes.
c. Insight is necessary before behavior change can occur.
d. Insight can be given to the client through the therapist’s teachings.

A

a. Insight is not sufficient for producing behavior change on its own.

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63
Q

Which of the following is one of the five genetically encoded needs that drive people’s lives as per choice theory?
a. Relaxation
b. Discipline
c. Power
d. Education

A

c. Power

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64
Q

Which is a key concept of reality therapy?
a. Pathology results from power imbalances
b. Avoid focusing on symptoms
c. Focus on what to change in the future
d. Stimulate unconscious motivation

A

b. Avoid focusing on symptoms

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65
Q

Which of the following is true of reality therapy?
a. Clients must make commitments.
b. Working through the defense mechanisms is essential.
c. It focuses on resolution of past conflicts.
d. Therapists should accept clients’ excuses

A

a. Clients must make commitments.

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66
Q

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the goals of reality therapy?
a. Society should determine the proper goals for all clients.
b. They should help clients learn better ways of fulfilling all of their needs.
c. The goals of therapy should be universal to all clients.
d. It is the therapist’s responsibility to decide specific goals for clients.

A

b. They should help clients learn better ways of fulfilling all of their needs.

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67
Q

In reality therapy, our quality world is likened to:
a. a reality TV show.
b. a picture album.
c. an expensive sports car.
d. a celebrity’s life.

A

b. a picture album.

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68
Q

Reality therapy is particularly useful in groups because of its emphasis on:
a. the need to receive critical feedback.
b. how past conflicts play out in the present.
c. connection and interpersonal relationships.
d. the importance of approval from others.

A

c. connection and interpersonal relationships.

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69
Q

According to reality therapy, which of the following is made up of inseparable components that include acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology?
a. Personality
b. The WDEP system
c. Total behavior
d. Structural behavior

A

c. Total behavior

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70
Q

Which of the following is particularly associated with reality therapy?
a. The search for causes of current problems
b. The analysis of dreams
c. The WDEP system
d. Hypnosis

A

c. The WDEP system

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71
Q

Which of the following statements is most accurate as it applies to choice theory?
a. We are controlled by the events that occur in our lives.
b. We can make choices about and control our own behavior.
c. We can control the behavior of others by learning to actively listen to them.
d. Behavior is the result of external forces.

A

b. We can make choices about and control our own behavior.

72
Q

According to the reality therapy framework, which of the following is the best way to have a success in therapy?
a. Focusing on symptoms rather than present problems
b. Exploring the past, dreams, and the present
c. Learning the behaviors of significant others
d. Teaching clients to make more effective choices

A

d. Teaching clients to make more effective choices

73
Q

An axiom of choice theory is that:
a. although the past may have contributed to a current problem, the past is never the problem.
b. mental illness is the cause of bad choices people make.
c. all serious problems are rooted in unconscious drives that dictate behavior.
d. past conflicts must be resolved if people are to learn to fulfill their needs.

A

a. although the past may have contributed to a current problem, the past is never the problem.

74
Q

If a client reports they feel depressed, why might a reality therapist refer to the client as “depressing” rather than being depressed?
a. Because the depression was imposed on the client
b. To defuse the client’s responsibility
c. To emphasize the role of the client
d. Because it is depressing to be around depressed people

A

c. To emphasize the role of the client

75
Q

The D of the WDEP model stands for:
a. direction and doing.
b. development.
c. discourse
d. deviation and distrust.

A

a. direction and doing.

76
Q

Feminist therapy addresses issues pertaining to the oppression of women but not other marginalized groups.
a. True
b. False

A

false

77
Q

One of the goals of feminist therapy is to help women understand how sexism influences them in negative ways.
a. True
b. False

A

true

78
Q

Like multicultural therapy, feminist therapy emphasizes the need to promote social, political, and environmental changes within the counseling context.
a. True
b. False

A

true

79
Q

The heart of feminist therapy strategies is empowerment.
a. True
b. False

A

true

80
Q

Gender-role analysis helps clients identify the impact that their own gender-role socialization has played.
a. True
b. False

A

true

81
Q

A defining theme in feminist therapy is the inclusion of clients as active participants in assessment and therapy.
a. True
b. False

A

true

82
Q

Feminist therapy is a technically integrative approach.
a. True
b. False

A

true

83
Q

Feminist therapy has made significant contributions to counseling ethics.
a. True
b. False

A

true

84
Q

Participating in social action can help develop self-esteem.
a. True
b. False

A

true

85
Q

Feminist groups share a common denominator of emphasizing support for the experience of women.
a. True
b. False

A

true

86
Q

An important tenet of feminist, social justice, and multicultural perspectives is:
a. silence = death.
b. keep your laws off my body.
c. the personal is also the political.
d. overthrow the patriarchy.

A

c. the personal is also the political.

87
Q

Early feminist therapists asserted that psychotherapy had to move away from the idea that:
a. there was any validity to diagnosis at all.
b. the source of women’s unhappiness lies within themselves.
c. there is a need for formal therapy.
d. biological factors can influence both normal and abnormal behavior.

A

the source of women’s unhappiness lies within themselves.

88
Q

A major contribution of feminist therapy is:
a. the development of gender-specific diagnoses.
b. awareness of the impact of multiple oppressions.
c. the creation of hierarchical relationships in therapy.
d. the recognition than men cannot effectively counsel women.

A

b. awareness of the impact of multiple oppressions.

89
Q

A feminist therapist asks their client to consider how they evaluate their own behavior and whether it is “unacceptably masculine” or “strong and assertive.” This process is known as:
a. restructuring.
b. reassessing.
c. reframing.
d. relabeling.

A

d. relabeling.

90
Q

Which of the following is considered to be a major contribution that feminist therapists have made to the field of counseling?
a. Paving the way for gender-sensitive practice
b. Integrating a diagnostic perspective in counseling practice
c. Creating a brief, solution-focused therapy approach
d. Pioneering research in the therapy process

A

Paving the way for gender-sensitive practice

91
Q

Which of the following can help adolescents understand complex intersecting identities and privileges?
a. Relabeling
b. Social identity analysis
c. Gender identity analysis
d. Reframing

A

b. Social identity analysis

92
Q

Feminist therapists tend refer to which of the following?
a. Women’s anger as a reflection of the aggressive drive
b. Distress rather than psychopathology
c. Women’s problems as a reflection of hormonal imbalances
d. Feelings of emptiness and invisibility as deficits in one’s psychic structure

A

Distress rather than psychopathology

93
Q

Which of the following explain differences in the behavior of women and men in terms of socialization processes rather than on the basis of our “innate” natures?
a. Gender-fair approaches
b. Interactionists
c. Flexible multicultural perspectives
d. Life span perspectives

A

a. Gender-fair approaches

94
Q

Which of the following uses concepts and strategies that apply equally to individuals and groups regardless of age, race, culture, gender, ability, class, or sexual orientation?
a. Interactionists
b. Flexible multicultural perspectives
c. Life span perspectives
d. Gender-fair approaches

A

b. Flexible multicultural perspectives

95
Q

Which of the following assume that human development is a lifelong process and that personality and behavioral changes can occur at any time rather than being fixed during early childhood?
a. Gender-fair approaches
b. Interactionists
c. Life span perspectives
d. Flexible multicultural perspectives

A

c. Life span perspectives

96
Q

Feminist therapists use which of the following to equalize the client–therapist relationship and normalize women’s collective experiences?
a. Self-disclosure
b. Gender-role analysis
c. Reframing
d. Relabeling

A

a. Self-disclosure

97
Q

The feminist critique of assessment and diagnosis is:
a. a result of insurance company pressure.
b. largely philosophical.
c. empirically based.
d. a matter of practicality.

A

c. empirically based.

98
Q

Transnational feminists have emphasized the need for cultural humility and avoiding the subtle imposition of one’s unconscious/unexamined values. That is, they emphasize being aware of one’s own:
a. countertransference.
b. positionality.
c. needs.
d. reflexivity.

A

b. positionality.

99
Q

Multicultural, feminist, and social justice counseling all reject:
a. egalitarianism.
b. collaboration.
c. the idea of intersectionality.
d. the disease model.

A

d. the disease model.

100
Q

How are clients viewed in feminist therapy?
a. As embodying their pathology
b. As patients
c. As perpetuating the patriarchy
d. As partners

A

d. As partners

101
Q

Narrative therapists believe new stories take hold only when there is an audience to appreciate and support such stories.
a. True
b. False

A

true

102
Q

If a client has seemed stuck in problem-saturated thinking, a narrative therapist should elicit other strength-related stories.
a. True
b. False

A

true

103
Q

Because it is grounded in sociocultural context, narrative therapy is not well suited to culturally diverse clients.
a. True
b. False

A

false

104
Q

Postmodernists believe in the ability to describe objective reality accurately and assume that it can be observed and systematically known through the scientific method.
a. True
b. False

A

false

105
Q

Postmodern approaches focus on the development of the self.
a. True
b. False

A

false

106
Q

A solution-focused brief therapy (SBFT) group practitioner helps clients set large, aspirational goals.
a. True
b. False

A

false

107
Q

The tasks of solution-focused brief therapy in school include exploring progress.
a. True
b. False

A

true

108
Q

The not-knowing position is most often characterized by questions that come from an honest, continuous therapeutic posture of not understanding too quickly.
a. True
b. False

A

true

109
Q

Motivational interviewing is rooted in the psychodynamic approach.
a. True
b. False

A

false

110
Q

When used in schools, motivational interviewing can help students become more comfortable with change.
a. True
b. False

A

true

111
Q

Which of the following is true of social constructionist theory?
a. The therapist-as-expert is replaced by the client-as-expert.
b. Clients should adjust to social and cultural norms.
c. The therapeutic relationship should be hierarchical.
d. The therapist is the expert on their client’s life.

A

a. The therapist-as-expert is replaced by the client-as-expert.

112
Q

A general goal of narrative therapy is to:
a. uncover a client’s self-defeating cognitions.
b. shift from solution-talk to problem-talk.
c. take inspiration from and implement ideas from literary classics.
d. invite people to describe their experience in new language.

A

d. invite people to describe their experience in new language.

113
Q

Narrative therapists help clients judge:
a. social norms that are unhelpful to them.
b. how the clients fit into society as a whole.
c. how they have failed to meet societal standards.
d. social mores that they find acceptable.

A

a. social norms that are unhelpful to them.

114
Q

In narrative therapy, which of these processes involves disassembling taken-for-granted assumptions?
a. Analysis
b. Questioning
c. Deconstruction
d. Externalizing

A

c. Deconstruction

115
Q

Lex is seeing a therapist because of severe test anxiety that is threatening to end their dreams of becoming an engineer. The therapist asks Lex questions about whether there have been tests Lex hasn’t experienced anxiety over. In solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) terms, the therapist is searching for:
a. antecedents.
b. exceptions.
c. confirmation.
d. correlates.

A

b. exceptions.

116
Q

Solution-focused brief therapy, motivational interviewing, and narrative therapy are based on the assumption that people:
a. are shaped by biology.
b. will inevitably resist change.
c. need explicit guidance.
d. are able to construct solutions

A

d. are able to construct solutions

117
Q

Which of the following is a psychological expression of the postmodern worldview that values the client’s reality without disputing whether it is accurate or rational?
a. Social constructionism
b. Postmodern brief therapy
c. Solution-focused brief therapy
d. Narrative therapy

A

a. Social constructionism

118
Q

In postmodern thinking, forms of language and the use of language in stories create:
a. social context.
b. thoughts.
c. meaning.
d. pictures.

A

c. meaning.

119
Q

Tahj, who practices narrative therapy, works with a multicultural client population and sometimes works with clients who hold professionals and their expertise in high esteem. When working with these clients, Tahj would be well advised to:
a. withhold information about the idea of the not-knowing stance.
b. acknowledge that the therapist has expertise in therapeutic processes, while clients are experts in their own lives.
c. simply not use narrative methods, as these methods will not be effective.
d. provide the client with information about the therapeutic process, demonstrating that the client has the needed expertise

A

b. acknowledge that the therapist has expertise in therapeutic processes, while clients are experts in their own lives.

120
Q

Which of the following is a basic assumption guiding the practice of solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT)?
a. There are advantages to a positive focus on solutions and on the future.
b. Clients often lack the capacity to change and do not really want to.
c. Using techniques discounts a client’s capacity to find their own way.
d. Individuals who come to therapy are incapable of behaving effectively.

A

a. There are advantages to a positive focus on solutions and on the future.

121
Q

In solution-focused therapy, which kind of relationship is characterized by the client and therapist jointly identifying a problem and a solution to work toward?
a. Customer
b. Complainant
c. Visitor
d. Compliant client

A

a. Customer

122
Q

In narrative group therapy, which of the following has an invested interest in listening to both the effects of troublesome problem stories people share and witnessing the preferred stories?
a. Fellow travelers
b. Passive observers
c. Outsider witnesses
d. Participating colleagues

A

c. Outsider witnesses

123
Q

Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe life without their problem?
a. Exception questions
b. The miracle question
c. Scaling
d. Pretherapy change

A

b. The miracle question

124
Q

In narrative therapy, the process of finding evidence to bolster a new view of the person as competent enough to have stood up to or defeated the dominance or oppression of their problem refers to:
a. the search for unique outcomes.
b. objectifying the problem.
c. exploring problem-saturated stories.
d. the initial assessment.

A

a. the search for unique outcomes.

125
Q

How does motivational interviewing treat resistance?
a. As utterly irrelevant
b. As a type of client pathology
c. As reflecting unconscious conflict
d. As a relational issue

A

d. As a relational issue

126
Q

Family systems therapy can be thought of as part of the “first force” in therapy and counseling approaches.
a. True
b. False

A

false

127
Q

The emergence of feminist and postmodern models in therapy has moved the field of family therapy toward more egalitarian, collaborative, cooperative, co-constructing relationships.
a. True
b. False

A

true

128
Q

A family systems perspective holds that individuals are best understood in isolation.
a. True
b. False

A

false

129
Q

A multilayered approach to family therapy is best supported by a collaborative therapist–client relationship.
a. True
b. False

A

true

130
Q

Assessment is an important part of multilayered family therapy.
a. True
b. False

A

true

131
Q

The various approaches to family systems therapy focus on the relational aspects of human problems.
a. True
b. False

A

true

132
Q

In terms of assessment in family systems approaches, it is useful to inquire about family members’ perspectives on issues.
a. True
b. False

A

true

133
Q

The family therapist’s ability to communicate understanding and empathy lays the foundation for an effective working relationship.
a. True
b. False

A

true

134
Q

All change in human systems starts envisioning how things might be.
a. True
b. False

A

false

135
Q

A family systems perspective holds that a client’s problematic behavior may serve a function or purpose for the family.
a. True
b. False

A

true

136
Q

By the late 1970s, what was the most widely used approach in family systems therapy?
a. Gestalt
b. cognitive-behavioral
c. Adlerian
d. structural-strategic

A

d. structural-strategic

137
Q

One of the strengths of the systemic perspective in working from a multicultural framework is which of the following?
a. Ethnic and cultural groups do not place any value on the extended family.
b. All ethnic groups place minimal value on the extended family.
c. Many ethnic and cultural groups place great value on the extended family.
d. All cultural groups place minimal value on the extended family.

A

c. Many ethnic and cultural groups place great value on the extended family.

138
Q

Compared to individual approaches to therapy, systematic approaches are more likely to focus on which of the following?
a. Individual experiences and perspectives
b. Problematic behaviors
c. Diagnosis
d. Transgenerational perspectives

A

d. Transgenerational perspectives

139
Q

Which model places the most emphasis on communication and emotional experiencing?
a. Multigenerational family model
b. Structural family model
c. Structural-strategic model
d. Human validation process mode

A

d. Human validation process mode

140
Q

In what way are postmodern approaches to family therapy most similar to narrative therapy?
a. Using assessment as the therapeutic tool
b. Identifying the limitations and capacities of each member
c. Emphasizing the authority of the therapist
d. Reducing the power and impact of the therapist

A

d. Reducing the power and impact of the therapist

141
Q

The systemic therapist may do which of the following?
a. Exclude family members from therapy with the client
b. Treat the client alone, away from the family
c. Focus on the causes of the client’s problems
d. Explore the system for family process and rules

A

d. Explore the system for family process and rules

142
Q

Which of the following questions might a structural-strategic therapist ask when assessing families?
a. “What were common isolation sequences in your family?”
b. “What do you think the most accurate diagnosis is for the problem family member?”
c. “Who was aligned with whom, and what did they use that alignment to achieve?”
d. “What were the rules that your culture set for you?”

A

c. “Who was aligned with whom, and what did they use that alignment to achieve?”

143
Q

A basic assumption within the family system is which of the following?
a. An individual’s problematic behavior only grows out of interaction with the larger community.
b. An individual’s problematic behavior grows out of the family as well as larger systems.
c. An individual’s problematic behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family, not societal systems.
d. An individual’s problematic behavior only grows out of the interactional unit of the family.

A

b. An individual’s problematic behavior grows out of the family as well as larger systems.

144
Q

Which of the following can help students see how their behavior directly affects the responses that they receive from others?
a. A systems perspective
b. A humanistic perspective
c. A psychodynamic perspective
d. A behavioral perspective

A

a. A systems perspective

145
Q

Within the field of family therapy, who has been the most influential leader in the development of both gender and cultural perspectives and frameworks in family practice?
a. Jay Haley
b. Monica McGoldrick
c. John Gottman
d. Michele Weiner-Davis

A

b. Monica McGoldrick

146
Q

According to Minuchin, which of the following must occur to reduce or eliminate an individual’s symptoms?
a. The family must, at least briefly, exclude the individual.
b. Reinforcement for the symptoms must be eliminated.
c. Structural changes must occur in the family.
d. The individual must gain insight into their issues.

A

c. Structural changes must occur in the family.

147
Q

Which approach seeks to reduce the power of the family therapist?
a. Atheoretical
b. Directive
c. Postmodernist
d. Systems

A

c. Postmodernist

148
Q

Which of the following are determined by the practitioner’s orientation or by a collaborative process between the family and the therapist?
a. Specific goals
b. Techniques
c. Family roles
d. Diagnoses

A

a. Specific goals

149
Q

The central principle agreed upon by family therapy practitioners, regardless of their approach, is that the client is which of the following?
a. At fault for the problems
b. In need of understanding differences in the living system
c. Connected to living systems
d. Existing in isolation from others

A

c. Connected to living systems

150
Q

Which of the following are based on the subjective descriptions that family members use to define themselves and the interactions that occur in everyday life?
a. Diagnoses
b. Techniques
c. Interventions
d. Assessments

A

d. Assessments

151
Q

For decades, counselors resisted integration and ignored effective methods from other theoretical schools.
a. True
b. False

A

true

152
Q

In an integrative approach, counselors should listen to existential concerns while considering their clients’ spiritual or religious values.
a. True
b. False

A

true

153
Q

Syncretism occurs when a practitioner simply looks for anything that seems to work.
a. True
b. False

A

true

154
Q

In multidimensional therapy, therapists borrow from many other therapeutic models, using empirically supported techniques.
a. True
b. False

A

true

155
Q

Psychotherapy integration is particularly useful with multiculturally diverse client populations, as it allows flexible tailoring of methods.
a. True
b. False

A

true

156
Q

Although clients’ spiritual and religious beliefs may be important to them, it is ethically inappropriate for clinicians to address these beliefs in the context of therapy.
a. True
b. False

A

false

157
Q

Most forms of short-term psychotherapy encourage the therapist to be active and directive.
a. True
b. False

A

true

158
Q

In integrative approaches, therapeutic goals should always be specific, concrete, and short term.
a. True
b. False

A

false

159
Q

Evaluating how well psychotherapy works is relatively simple.
a. True
b. False

A

false

160
Q

Research suggests there are few or no differences in the outcomes for different psychotherapeutic approaches.
a. True
b. False

A

true

161
Q

Which of the following is best characterized by attempts to look beyond and across the confines of single-school approaches to see what can be learned from other perspectives?
a. Psychotherapy integration
b. Syncretism
c. Person-centered integration
d. Syncretistic confusion

A

a. Psychotherapy integration

162
Q

Which pathway aims to select the best treatment techniques for the individual and the problem?
a. Common factors approach
b. Assimilative integration
c. Technical integration
d. Symbolic integration

A

c. Technical integration

163
Q

Which path is grounded in a particular school but open to techniques from other schools?
a. Symbolic integration
b. Common factors approach
c. Technical integration
d. Assimilative integration

A

d. Assimilative integration

164
Q

Which approach reflects assimilative integration?
a. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
b. Emotion-focused therapy (EFT)
c. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
d. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

A

d. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

165
Q

Spiritual and therapeutic paths can be described as which of the following?
a. They are inviolate.
b. They often converge.
c. They cannot cross.
d. They are distinct.

A

b. They often converge.

166
Q

Which of the following is an evidence-based practice that monitors client change and identifies modifications needed to enhance the therapeutic endeavor?
a. Emotion-focused therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. Feedback-informed treatment
d. Feminist therapy

A

c. Feedback-informed treatment

167
Q

According to the text, which of the following will increasingly become the organizing force for integration?
a. Evidence-based practice
b. Practice-based evidence
c. Theory-based evidence
d. Theory-based practice

A

a. Evidence-based practice

168
Q

One aspect of integration that is particularly well suited to taking cultural factors into account is which of the following?
a. Flexibility
b. Symbolism
c. Transference
d. Syncretism

A

a. Flexibility

169
Q

Sydney, a grief counselor, mentioned that they are open to discussing their clients’ spiritual and religious beliefs with them. What should Sydney say to colleagues who are skeptical about this practice?
a. “My clients’ spiritual and religious beliefs are a major sustaining power that supports them when all else fails. I think it would be unethical for me to overlook this.”
b. “Who are you to question my practices? You are being completely negligent and unethical by not discussing religion with your clients.”
c. “I will work with my clients the way I want, just like you can do the same with yours.”
d. “I know it is unethical for me to raise these issues during sessions, but my clients don’t seem to mind.”

A

a. “My clients’ spiritual and religious beliefs are a major sustaining power that supports them when all else fails. I think it would be unethical for me to overlook this.”

170
Q

Increased emphasis on which of the following has led counselors to be more open to addressing spiritual and religious beliefs in counseling?
a. Individualism
b. Multiculturalism
c. Evidence-based practices
d. Practice-informed evaluation

A

b. Multiculturalism

171
Q

In terms of techniques, what do existential therapy and person-centered therapy have in common?
a. Both focus primarily on unconscious processes.
b. Neither places much importance on the client–therapist relationship.
c. Neither has given rise to many techniques.
d. Both assign an important role to biological factors.

A

c. Neither has given rise to many techniques.

172
Q

Which of the following approaches is based on a growth model and is ideally suited to preventive care and alleviating a broad range of conditions that interfere with growth?
a. The existential approach
b. The Gestalt approach
c. The Adlerian approach
d. The person-centered approach

A

c. The Adlerian approach

173
Q

Which approach focuses on increasing effective behaviors?
a. The feminist approach
b. The narrative approach
c. The psychodynamic approach
d. The reality approach

A

d. The reality approach

174
Q

What does your text regard as the most important ingredient accounting for change in psychotherapy?
a. The client
b. The therapeutic school
c. The amount of therapy
d. The therapist

A

a. The client

175
Q

According to the text, research evidence from meta-analyses has demonstrated that psychotherapy can be described as which of the following?
a. Highly effective
b. Somewhat effective
c. Remarkably effective
d. Not effective at all

A

a. Highly effective

counseling theories (2 decks)

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