FINAL OF DOOM

Question 1

What is phonotactics?

Answer 1

It is concerned with freedoms and restrictions that language allows in terms of syllable structure. (Where sounds can occur in words and in what clusters.)

Question 2

Name one suprasegmental phoneme?

Answer 2

stress (INsult and inSULT)

Question 3

What is prosody?

Answer 3

The study of features such as pitch variation and duration, which affect the syllable, the foot and larger domains.

Question 4

What is stress?

Answer 4

The relative prominence of syllables.

Question 5

How many levels of lexical stress are there in English when referring to isolated words? What are the levels called and what symbols are used to indicate these levels?

Answer 5

3 levels… primary ‘; secondary , ; and unstressed

Question 6

What is the max number of strongly (primary) stressed syllables that a word can have in English?

Answer 6

1

Question 7

Stressed syllables in English are characterized by their greater loudness (prominence or intensity). What other features are often associated with stressed syllables in English?

Answer 7

Duration (length) and higher tone (pitch).

Question 8

What do linguists mean when they say that English has stress-timed rhythm?

Answer 8

A type of rhythm where stressed syllables tend to occur at equal intervals of time.

Question 9

What is intonation?

Answer 9

The use of pitch variation in phrases and sentences to signal such things as speaker attitudes, sentence type (e.g. statement vs question), and information structure. Intonation is different to lexical tone, in that it does not signal differences of word meaning, but contributes to the interpretation of utterances.

Question 10

How many levels of pitch (tone) are used in English tone units?

Answer 10

4

Question 11

Why is punctuation an unreliable guide to intonation?

Answer 11

An uninverted question ends with a period but has rising utterance -final tone. For example: Irma won the lottery. said with 2-1*-3➚

Question 12

What is an utterance?

Answer 12

An utterance is a natural unit of speech bounded by breaths or pauses.
An utterance is a complete unit of talk, bounded by the speaker’s silence.

Question 13

What is a clipped form?

Answer 13

It’s when you take a long word and cut it (mathematics - math).

Question 14

What is epenthesis?

Answer 14

When you add a vowel to a word to make it easier to say (espaguetti).

Question 15

What are the 3 main factors that influence stress placement?

Answer 15

Historical origin, changes brought about by afixation (prefix and suffix) and the word’s grammatical function within an utterance.

Question 16

Word origins (anglosaxon)

Answer 16

Stressed on the first syllable of the word’s root.

Question 17

Germanic prefixes

Answer 17

a-, for-, mis-, up-, under-

Question 18

Latinate prefixes

Answer 18

a(d)-, com-, dis-, in-, pre-

Question 19

Where do words that contain prefixes receive the stress?

Answer 19

Regardless of the origin, they contain it in the first syllable of the root.

Question 20

Prefix + Verb has _____ stress on the prefix.

Answer 20

Light! (Don’t overload the truck.)

Question 21

Prefix + Noun has _____ stress on the prefix.

Answer 21

Strong! (Your computer’s on overload.)

Question 22

What are the types of suffixes?

Answer 22

Stress-neutral (-dom), stress-demanding (-aire), and stress-changing (penult, like in -nation, and antepenult, like in -geography).

Question 23

What are other types of suffixes?

Answer 23

Reflexive (-self and -selves), numbers (tens vs teens), noun/verb pairs (PROject, proJECT).

Question 24

Where is the stress in a noun compound?

Answer 24

The first element

Question 25

Adj + Noun compound VS Adj + Noun sequence

Answer 25

blackbird vs black bird

Question 26

What are the three patterns in phrasal verbs?

Answer 26

1. verb head - stress particle (LOOK at, apPROVE of) 2. verb head + stress particle (FIGure OUT, DROP OFF), 3. verb head + stress particle - stress particle (RUN aWAY with, WALK OUT on)

Question 27

What is sentence stress?

Answer 27

It refers to te various stressed elements in the sentence.

Question 28

What is rhythm?

Answer 28

Word and sentence stress combined to create the rhythm of an English utterance; the regular patterned beat of stressed and unstressed syllables.

Question 29

In what three way is English stress-timed?

Answer 29

1) English moves in regular rhythmic beats from stress to stress no matter how many unstressed syllables fall in between. 2) The length of an utterance depends not on the # of syllables but rather on the # of stresses. 3) Basis for metrical foot in English poetry.

Question 30

Why is Spanish rhythm syllable-timed?

Answer 30

The rhythm depends on the # of syllables.

Question 31

How does the type of word affect stress?

Answer 31

Function words are usually unstressed and consonant words are usually stressed.

Question 32

What is morphology?

Answer 32

The study of the smallest unit of meaning that cannot be subdivided without making the unit meaningless.

Question 33

What are the 2 types of morphology?

Answer 33

Inflectional (grammatical endings), derivational (build words by compounding, conversion, and affixation).

Question 34

What is morphophonolgy?

Answer 34

The connection between the sound system and morphology (a book, an apple)

Question 35

When is the inflectional suffix -s pronounced like /iz/ or shwa z?

Answer 35

When the noun or verb ends in a sibilant consonant. For ex: plural (buses), 3rd person singular (uses), possessive (Rose’s friend).

Question 36

When is the inflectional suffix pronounced just /z/?

Answer 36

When the reg noun or verb ends in a voiced non-sibilant sound (all vowels and diphthongs). Ex: plural (boys), 3rd person (sees), possessive (rays)

Question 37

When is the inflectional suffix -s realized as /s/?

Answer 37

When the reg noun or verb in a voiceless non-sibilant consonant. Ex: plural (boats), 3rd person (bakes), possessive (Pete’s).

Question 38

What happens when a regular verb ends in /d/ or /t/ and the verb is being put in the past tense? Ex. add -> added

Answer 38

it takes an epenthetic vowel which results in an additional syllable.

Question 39

What happens when a regular verb ends in a voiced sound other than /d/ and the verb is being put in the past tense? Ex. grab —> grabbed

Answer 39

The ending undergoes progressive assimilation and is pronounce /d/.

Question 40

What happens when a regular verb ends in a voiceless consonant other than /t/ and the verb is being put in the past tense? Ex. walk –> walked

Answer 40

The ending also undergoes progressive assimilation and is pronounced /t/.

Question 41

How do you learn irregular noun plurals or irregular verbs?

Answer 41

YOU MEMORIZE THEM.