Exam #2

Question 1

What is a vowel?

Answer 1

The core, nucleus or peak of the syllable.

Question 2

What are the 3 kinds of vowels / diphthongs?

Answer 2

Simple vowels, diphthongized vowels, and phonemic vowels (true diphthongs).

Question 3

What is a simple vowel?

Answer 3

A vowel without an accompanying glide movement.

Question 4

What is a diphthongized vowel?

Answer 4

A vowel with an adjacent glide. Off glide is not necessary for the phoneme.

Question 5

What is a phonemic diphthong?

Answer 5

A vowel sound followed by a nonadjacent glide. Off glide is necessary.

Question 6

What is a diphthong?

Answer 6

Two adjacent vowel sounds in the same syllable (gliding vowels).

Question 7

What are the three true diphthongs?

Answer 7

/ay/ /aw/ /ɔy/

Question 8

What 4 parameters should be discussed when talking about vowels / diphthongs?

Answer 8

Height (high, mid, low), Frontness (front, central, back), tenseness (lax or tense) and round vs. unround

Question 9

What is an open syllable?

Answer 9

A syllable without a final consonant sound.

Question 10

What is a closed syllable?

Answer 10

A syllable with a final consonant.

Question 11

What types of vowels are sonorant?

Answer 11

Glides, liquids, and nasals.

Question 12

What does /l/ and /r/ coloring refer to?

Answer 12

Dark vs light /r/ and /l/.

Question 13

What symbol is used over nasalized vowels?

Answer 13

Squiggly line (like the ñ)

Question 14

What is a reduced vowel?

Answer 14

A vowel with diminished phonetic qualities that can occur in unstressed syllables (ie the barred i and schwa)

Question 15

What does citation form refer to?

Answer 15

The way a word is pronounced when spoken carefully and in isolation.

Question 16

What does reduced form refer to?

Answer 16

Tthe version of the word that usually occurs in natural speech.

Question 17

What is a boundary?

Answer 17

The end of a phonological domain.

Question 18

What three positions make up a syllable structure?

Answer 18

peak (nucleus), onset (syllable initial), coda (syllable final).

Question 19

In English, how many vowel sounds can there be in a sequence?

Answer 19

Two.

Question 20

What other factors (besides tense or lax) affect vowel length?

Answer 20

If a syllable is open or closed, stressed or unstressed, and ends in a voiced or voiceless consonant.

Question 21

What are function words?

Answer 21

Words that signify grammatical relationships… articles, prepositions, etc.

Question 22

What are content words?

Answer 22

Words that carry meaning… nouns, adjectives, etc.

Question 23

What do we call massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the Middle English Period?

Answer 23

The Great Vowel Shift.

Question 24

What is the vowel trapezoid?

Answer 24

A stylized representation of the mouth.

Question 25

What is the term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries?

Answer 25

Sandhi.

Question 26

What is the main function of adjustment of connected speech?

Answer 26

To promote rhythm and maintain regular timing.

Question 27

What do we call a word formed by omitting or combining some of the sounds of a longer phrase, usually marked by an apostrophe?

Answer 27

A contraction.

Question 28

What do you call a word made by combining two words? (fog + smoke = smog)

Answer 28

A blend.

Question 29

Gonna, wanna, and hafta are examples of....?

Answer 29

Reductions.

Question 30

When you connect the final sound of one word or syllable to the initial sound of the next (ex: you pronounce "i will be in the park" as "i will beyin the park", it is called ....?

Answer 30

Linking.

Question 31

What is ambisyllabic?

Answer 31

Whan the consonant in a VC + V sequence is pronounced as if it belongs to both vowels (dog eat dog world)

Question 32

Give an example of resyllabification.

Answer 32

Lef / tarm.

Question 33

His shirt, pronounced Hishirt is an example of what?

Answer 33

Geminate consonants.

Question 34

What is metathesis?

Answer 34

When sounds get switched around (curd / crud).

Question 35

What are the three types of assimilation?

Answer 35

Progressive, regressive, and coalescent.

Question 36

When a given sound takes on one or more of the characteristics of the neighboring sound, it's called ... ?

Answer 36

Assimilation.

Question 37

What is palatalization?

Answer 37

Tthe most frequent type of coalescent assimilation, during which the final alveolar consonants /s,z,t,d/ are followed by the initial palatal /y/ (ex: issue)

Question 38

What is deletion?

Answer 38

The process whereby sounds disappear or are not clearly articulated.

Question 39

What are the 4 types of deletion?

Answer 39

Apocope – word final deletion (cup of tea), Syncope – loss of unstressed medial vowel (chocolate), Aphaeresis - word initial deletion (knife) and Aphesis – loss of an unstressed word initial vowel or syllable in highly informal speech (‘cause).

Question 40

Why do Puerto Rican ESL students often say /puʃ/ for /pʊʃ/ —that is, why might they (seem to) have difficulty pronouncing /ʊ/?

Answer 40

Because Spanish does not have lax vowels.

Question 41

What do the two little triangles symbolize?

Answer 41

That the vowel is long.

Question 42

How many strongly stressed syllables can a word in English have?

Answer 42

One.

Question 43

Why are vowels so problematic?

Answer 43

Because most spellings are from the Middle English period before the great vowel shift

Question 44

Vowels are classified as voiced or voiceless? Why?

Answer 44

The are ALL voiceless because the airstream is unobstructed

Question 45

What is off glide ?

Answer 45

V+ glide ... A transitional sound produced as the vocal organs more from a previous speech sound to an inactive position or the position of a following sound

Question 46

Mention the LAX vowels

Answer 46

ɛ ʊ ɪ ɨ ə ʌ æ

Question 47

Mention the TENSE vowels

Answer 47

iy ey ay a aw uw ow ɔy ɔ

Question 48

What is a tense vowel?

Answer 48

A vowel articulated with more tension. Accompanied by a glide. Occur in both open and closed syllables and usually have longer duration

Question 49

What are LAX vowels?

Answer 49

Are vowels articulated with more relaxed muscles. In monosyllabic they only occur in closed syables. Shorter duration.

Question 50

What is always needed to close a stressed syllable?

Answer 50

A consonant

Question 51

Linking is also known as?

Answer 51

Liaison

Question 52

What is a near geminate?

Answer 52

A lengthened articulation ... When you make the geminate sound with duration... Like (his shirt)

Question 53

What is an unreleased consonant?

Answer 53

When a stop consonant is followed by another stop the first stop is not released. Like (soap dish)

Question 54

What is miscellaneous?

Answer 54

Loos of the first /r/ as in surprise

Question 55

What is clipping?

Answer 55

Reduction of longer forms like (laboratory)= lab

Question 56

Reduced vowels clarification

Answer 56

In unstressed syllables are very short I'm duration, sometimes they will even disappear like 'nursery'