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Phonology > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vowel?

A

The core, nucleus or peak of the syllable.

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2
Q

What are the 3 kinds of vowels / diphthongs?

A

Simple vowels, diphthongized vowels, and phonemic vowels (true diphthongs).

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3
Q

What is a simple vowel?

A

A vowel without an accompanying glide movement.

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4
Q

What is a diphthongized vowel?

A

A vowel with an adjacent glide. Off glide is not necessary for the phoneme.

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5
Q

What is a phonemic diphthong?

A

A vowel sound followed by a nonadjacent glide. Off glide is necessary.

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6
Q

What is a diphthong?

A

Two adjacent vowel sounds in the same syllable (gliding vowels).

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7
Q

What are the three true diphthongs?

A

/ay/ /aw/ /ɔy/

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8
Q

What 4 parameters should be discussed when talking about vowels / diphthongs?

A

Height (high, mid, low), Frontness (front, central, back), tenseness (lax or tense) and round vs. unround

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9
Q

What is an open syllable?

A

A syllable without a final consonant sound.

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10
Q

What is a closed syllable?

A

A syllable with a final consonant.

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11
Q

What types of vowels are sonorant?

A

Glides, liquids, and nasals.

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12
Q

What does /l/ and /r/ coloring refer to?

A

Dark vs light /r/ and /l/.

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13
Q

What symbol is used over nasalized vowels?

A

Squiggly line (like the ñ)

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14
Q

What is a reduced vowel?

A

A vowel with diminished phonetic qualities that can occur in unstressed syllables (ie the barred i and schwa)

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15
Q

What does citation form refer to?

A

The way a word is pronounced when spoken carefully and in isolation.

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16
Q

What does reduced form refer to?

A

Tthe version of the word that usually occurs in natural speech.

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17
Q

What is a boundary?

A

The end of a phonological domain.

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18
Q

What three positions make up a syllable structure?

A

peak (nucleus), onset (syllable initial), coda (syllable final).

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19
Q

In English, how many vowel sounds can there be in a sequence?

A

Two.

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20
Q

What other factors (besides tense or lax) affect vowel length?

A

If a syllable is open or closed, stressed or unstressed, and ends in a voiced or voiceless consonant.

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21
Q

What are function words?

A

Words that signify grammatical relationships… articles, prepositions, etc.

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22
Q

What are content words?

A

Words that carry meaning… nouns, adjectives, etc.

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23
Q

What do we call massive sound change affecting the long vowels of English during the Middle English Period?

A

The Great Vowel Shift.

24
Q

What is the vowel trapezoid?

A

A stylized representation of the mouth.

25
Q

What is the term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at morpheme or word boundaries?

A

Sandhi.

26
Q

What is the main function of adjustment of connected speech?

A

To promote rhythm and maintain regular timing.

27
Q

What do we call a word formed by omitting or combining some of the sounds of a longer phrase, usually marked by an apostrophe?

A

A contraction.

28
Q

What do you call a word made by combining two words? (fog + smoke = smog)

A

A blend.

29
Q

Gonna, wanna, and hafta are examples of….?

A

Reductions.

30
Q

When you connect the final sound of one word or syllable to the initial sound of the next (ex: you pronounce “i will be in the park” as “i will beyin the park”, it is called ….?

A

Linking.

31
Q

What is ambisyllabic?

A

Whan the consonant in a VC + V sequence is pronounced as if it belongs to both vowels (dog eat dog world)

32
Q

Give an example of resyllabification.

A

Lef / tarm.

33
Q

His shirt, pronounced Hishirt is an example of what?

A

Geminate consonants.

34
Q

What is metathesis?

A

When sounds get switched around (curd / crud).

35
Q

What are the three types of assimilation?

A

Progressive, regressive, and coalescent.

36
Q

When a given sound takes on one or more of the characteristics of the neighboring sound, it’s called … ?

A

Assimilation.

37
Q

What is palatalization?

A

Tthe most frequent type of coalescent assimilation, during which the final alveolar consonants /s,z,t,d/ are followed by the initial palatal /y/ (ex: issue)

38
Q

What is deletion?

A

The process whereby sounds disappear or are not clearly articulated.

39
Q

What are the 4 types of deletion?

A

Apocope – word final deletion (cup of tea), Syncope – loss of unstressed medial vowel (chocolate), Aphaeresis - word initial deletion (knife) and Aphesis – loss of an unstressed word initial vowel or syllable in highly informal speech (‘cause).

40
Q

Why do Puerto Rican ESL students often say /puʃ/ for /pʊʃ/ —that is, why might they (seem to) have difficulty pronouncing /ʊ/?

A

Because Spanish does not have lax vowels.

41
Q

What do the two little triangles symbolize?

A

That the vowel is long.

42
Q

How many strongly stressed syllables can a word in English have?

A

One.

43
Q

Why are vowels so problematic?

A

Because most spellings are from the Middle English period before the great vowel shift

44
Q

Vowels are classified as voiced or voiceless? Why?

A

The are ALL voiceless because the airstream is unobstructed

45
Q

What is off glide ?

A

V+ glide … A transitional sound produced as the vocal organs more from a previous speech sound to an inactive position or the position of a following sound

46
Q

Mention the LAX vowels

A

ɛ ʊ ɪ ɨ ə ʌ æ

47
Q

Mention the TENSE vowels

A

iy ey ay a aw uw ow ɔy ɔ

48
Q

What is a tense vowel?

A

A vowel articulated with more tension. Accompanied by a glide. Occur in both open and closed syllables and usually have longer duration

49
Q

What are LAX vowels?

A

Are vowels articulated with more relaxed muscles. In monosyllabic they only occur in closed syables. Shorter duration.

50
Q

What is always needed to close a stressed syllable?

A

A consonant

51
Q

Linking is also known as?

A

Liaison

52
Q

What is a near geminate?

A

A lengthened articulation … When you make the geminate sound with duration… Like (his shirt)

53
Q

What is an unreleased consonant?

A

When a stop consonant is followed by another stop the first stop is not released. Like (soap dish)

54
Q

What is miscellaneous?

A

Loos of the first /r/ as in surprise

55
Q

What is clipping?

A

Reduction of longer forms like (laboratory)= lab

56
Q

Reduced vowels clarification

A

In unstressed syllables are very short I’m duration, sometimes they will even disappear like ‘nursery’

Phonology (2 decks)

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