Final- New Material Flashcards
A plant, animal, or fungus that is not native to a specific location, and which has a tendency to spread to a degree believed to cause damage to the environment, human economy, or human health
Invasive species
About 10% of introduced species that go feral actually establish viable populations; about 10% of established introductions become problematic; they are then known as invasive
Law of Tens
Species become introduced via two pathways:
Intentional introduction
Accidental introduction
Introduction of desirable alien species
Intentional introduction
Introduction associated with commercial activity
Accidental introduction
Two main pathways of intentional introductions
Utilitarian and aesthetic
To become invasive, an organism must survive two phases:
Transport and establishment
To be effectively human-transported, an organism must have to be:
Tolerant of humans, a generalist, and not a sensitive species
To be successful as an invader, a species is expected to have at least some of these traits:
Good disperser, adaptable, rapid reproduction, large body or propagule size
Tolerant of a variety of environments
Adaptable
The economic impact in the US is estimated at over ____________ annually
100 billion
Intervention before the invasion
Prevention
Intervention after the invasion
Control and eradication
First introduced from Japan in 1876, mostly as an ornamental plant
Kudzu
Promoted by the Soil Conservation Service in the 1930s for erosion control
Kudzu
During the Great Depression, the Civilian Conservation Corps paid hundreds to plant this
Kudzu
Farmers were given a cash incentive to plant this in the 1940s
Kudzu
Snake that ate Guam
Brown treesnake
Led to a decrease in birds, reptiles, and bats
Brown treesnake
The brown treesnake arrived in Guam when?
And dispersed when?
1950
1960s
The bird declines caused by the brown treesnake were not seen until when?
The problem was not recognized until when?
1970s
Early 1980s
Any animal hunted for food and not normally domesticated; also hunted for sport
Game
Animals not allowed to be hunted by humans…usually because they’re endangered or protected by the law
Nongame Wildlife
Designated by legislative action
Game animals
A population of organisms which is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters
Endangered species
IUCN has calculated the percentage of endangered species as _______ of al organisms based on the sample of species that have been evaluated through 2006
40%
An international organization dedicated to finding “pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges”
IUCN
Compiled information from a network of conservation organizations to rate which species are most endangered
IUCN Red List
When there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died
Extinct (EX)
There is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution or population status
Data deficient (DD)
Has not yet been assessed against the criteria
Not evaluated (NE)
Causes of endangerment
Natural causes Hunting pressure Introduced predators Non-predatory exotics Habitat modifications
One of the dozens of US environmental laws passed in the 1970s; designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation
Endangered Species Act of 1973
ESA was signed into law by who and when?
Richard Nixon in 1973
Rarely a simple, one-cause, one-effect situation
Disease
An abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism which can impair health in many ways
Disease
Ways disease can impair health
Infectious pathogen Genetic disorders Physiological imbalance Poor nutritional state Stressed state Combinations of the above
A form of interaction between two species, where one species benefits at the expense of the other
Parasitism
Living together
Symbiosis
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protistans
Microparasites
Include flatworms or platyhelminths, nematode, ancanthocephalans, and arthropods
Macroparasites
Any infectious disease that can be transmitted by a vector from non-human animals to humans or vice versa
Zoonosis
And reverse zoonosis
Has killed more people and has had a greater effect on human history than any other zoonotic diseases
Plague
Humans bitten by infected flea, bacteria enter lymphatic system, cause swelling of lymph nodes
Bubonic plague
Bacteria produce toxins causing tiny clots throughout body, reduced clotting ability and uncontrolled bleeding
Septicemic plague
Least common, secondary spread of bacteria to lungs, spread from human to human by coughing or sneezing
Pneumonic plague
Spread by flea and rodent hosts
Plague
An emerging infectious disease caused by at least 3 species of bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia
Lyme disease
Symptoms slow to appear (bullseye shaped rash, fever, fatigue, joint pain, etc.)
Lyme disease
Bacterial pathogen carried by deer ticks
Lyme disease
A viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in warm blooded animals
Rabies
Caused by RNA virus, infects mammals, virus present in saliva of infected animal and contacted from bite
Rabies
Late symptoms include acute pain, uncontrolled movements, aggression, profuse salivation, inability to swallow, eventually coma and death
Rabies
Main cause of human rabies cases
Bats
Animals that survive by killing and eating other animals
Predators
Those individuals with the skills or features better able to avoid capture or capture prey will survive more often than individuals without
Natural selection
Diverse prey items
Facultative
Facultative
Polyphagus
Specialize in one prey item, population growth tightly linked to prey
Obligate
Obligate
Monophagus
Joint evolution of two or more species/groups with close ecological relationship
Coevolution
Meat hunter
Utilitaristic
Trophy hunters
Dominionistic
Affection for outdoors
Naturalistic
Strong affection for individual pets
Humanistic
Against over-exploitation
Moralistic
Every increase in hunting results in fewer total animals surviving
Additive
To some point, increase in hunting does not decrease total number surviving
Compensatory
Number that could be harvested year after year without causing population declines
Sustainable yield
Maximum number that could be harvested year after year without population declines
Maximum sustainable yield
Harvest that will provide the greatest overall benefit
Optimum yield
Animals harvested for their pelts
Furbearers
Greater controversy than hunting
Trapping
Any organism brought in to an area outside its natural range
Exotic species
