Final Midterm Flashcards
What are the Big Five traits? Who primarily investigated them?
Warren Norman investigated the Big Five: extroversion, neuroticism (or emotional stability in reverse), agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience.
________ tried to encompass personality differences in a space defined by ___ independent dimensions. What are these dimensions?
Hans Eysenck; two.
Extroversion-Introversion, and Neuroticism.
About the Extroversion-Introversion dimension, what are both of these prone to?
Situational and dispositional influences, respectively.
There is _______________ that the factors extracted by factor analysis are “real” dimensions of ___________, since the end product depends on what is ____ into it.
No guarantee; personality; fed.
A survey of research literature led Walter Mischel to conclude what?
Explain how this relates to a child cheating on a test vs. an athletic contest.
People behave much less consistently from one situation to another.
A child may cheat on a test (academic dishonesty) but not be dishonest when cheating in athletics, i.e., another setting.
_______________ is the term for the notion that human behavior is largely determined by the characteristics of the ________ rather than those of the person.
This doesn’t mean that we deny the existence of __________ differences such as various demographic and __________________ factors.
Situationism; situation.
Individual; socioeconomic.
Why do people’s personalities seem to be stable?
What does this lead observers to do?
Because we tend to see them in the same social setting.
This leads observers to make errors of influence, such as the fundamental attribution error.
People will show strong situational consistency in some situations, and weak situational consistency in others.
_____ self-monitors care a great deal more about the appearance of self they project in a given social situation… they constantly adjust their behavior. Across situations, they’re _____________.
This means that ____ self-monitors are ____________.
High; inconsistent.
Low; consistent.
Temperaments that characterize our personalities have a basis in ____________. These are more closely shared by __________ twins than __________ twins and other siblings.
Our genes; identical; fraternal.
Example: genetic influences have been identified for TV watching, traditionalism, and divorce. They may reflect the operation of more general traits:
- ___________________ may underlie traditionalism.
- Extraversion may underlie ________________.
- Neuroticism may correlate with divorce.
Conscientiousness; TV watching.
____________ need external stimulation more than do naturally aroused ___________ for whom high levels of stimulation can be disturbing. This is consistent with ___________ having a lower tolerance to pain.
Extroverts; introverts; introverts.
Supporting evidence (from Zuckerman) shows that the level of norepinephrine (NE) in the spinal fluid was _______ in sensation seekers than in others. What does this suggest? What are sensation seekers at a risk of?
Lower.
This suggests that sensation seeking serves as compensation for lower arousal from too little NE.
This puts sensation seekers at the risk of abusing drugs.
Inhibited temperament is associated with _____________.
Introversion.
People with inhibited temperament also show a ________ activation threshold in the amydgala; this, associated with the arousal of more stress reactions and ___________ of social situations have a higher potential of ______________ associated with them.
Lower; avoidance; unfamiliarity.
People in _______________ cultures rate themselves as more extroverted than people in _____________ cultures.
Individualistic; collectivistic.
In terms of the hypothesis of between-family differences playing a role in determining personality traits, we can disprove that. Why is that?
Average correlation between adopted children and their siblings was very low, as well as adopted children and their parents.
Sulloway and other authors thought that ____________ may have a powerful influence on personality with first-borns being more conventional but more likely to _________ others into ___________ roles. More dictators are of this position in the birth order. Later-borns are more _____________ and more _____________________.
Most recently, ____-borns have been shown to have a 5-point IQ advantage.
Birth order; first; conformity; rebellious; open to new experiences.
First.
Read “From Hypnosis to the Talking Cure” on Handout 34.3.
-,-
Freud believed all symptoms of hysteria, all without discernable physical causes, were what?
They were disguised means of keeping certain emotionally charged memories, often laid down in childhood, under mental lock & key.
What is catharsis?
An explosive release of previous dammed up emotions.
When Freud used free association, what did he conclude?
He concluded that emotionally charged “forgotten” memories would be evoked sooner or later.
Freud’s patients, however, did not fully comply with his request of free association because of a _________ that they didn’t know of: Freud saw this as what type of response by the unconscious?
Resistance.
Freud saw this as an anxiety-motivated attempt by the unconscious to keep repressed “forbidden” memories from surfacing to the conscious mind.
Freud eventually devised a threefold classification of conflicting tendencies within the individual, which he regarded as distinct __________ of the human ____________. What are these three?
Subsystems; personality.
Id, ego, superego.
The id is the most ___________ portion of human personality. It contains what urges? What are examples of these urges?
Primitive.
Basic biological urges, including to eat, drink, eliminate, be comfortably warm, and most importantly, to gain sexual pleasure.
