Final Megan's class Flashcards

Question

Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID)

Answer 1

Those infectious diseases that appear in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but are rapidly increasing in incidence geographic range (WHO). or They can include newer or known infectious diseases

Answer 2

Poverty is one of the strongest social determinants of health, and it has a direct relationship with the spread and severity of communicable diseases. Here’s how: Provincial (Local/Regional) Level: In lower-income neighborhoods or rural communities: People may lack access to clean water, proper sanitation, or healthcare services. For example, in some Indigenous communities in Canada, tuberculosis (TB) rates are significantly higher than the national average due to overcrowded housing and poor access to healthcare. National Level: Across Canada or similar high-income countries: Marginalized populations (e.g., low-income immigrants, racialized communities) often live in crowded housing or work in high-risk jobs without sick leave, increasing exposure and transmission. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted this. Essential workers in meatpacking plants and long-term care homes were disproportionately affected, many of whom were from lower-income groups or newcomers to Canada. Global Level: In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): Poverty drives lack of infrastructure and healthcare systems that can detect or contain outbreaks. Diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, and cholera are far more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia due to these factors. For instance, during the Ebola outbreak in West Africa (2014-2016), weak health systems and widespread poverty made containment incredibly difficult.

Answer 3

Provincial Level: Limited healthcare access in remote/rural areas. Language and cultural barriers for newcomers or Indigenous communities. Mistrust of the healthcare system (historical trauma, systemic racism). National Level: Underfunded public health infrastructure. Inconsistent health policies between regions (e.g., different COVID-19 mandates across provinces). Political or ideological resistance to vaccinations or public health measures. Global Level: Vaccine inequality: During COVID-19, high-income countries hoarded vaccines while LMICs struggled to get supplies. War/conflict zones make healthcare delivery nearly impossible (e.g., cholera outbreaks in Yemen). Global travel and migration can rapidly spread diseases across borders without robust surveillance.

Answer 4

Examples of Health Inequities: Higher HIV infection rates among women and girls in Sub-Saharan Africa due to gender inequality. Indigenous populations in Canada experiencing higher rates of TB, hepatitis C, and COVID-19 complications. People in informal urban settlements (slums) with no clean water or toilets being more prone to cholera or typhoid outbreaks. Strategies to Overcome These Inequities: Invest in social determinants of health: Improve housing, education, water, and sanitation. Strengthen primary healthcare systems in underserved communities. Culturally safe healthcare: Train health workers to provide services that are respectful of diverse cultural backgrounds. Global cooperation: Strengthen international systems (like the WHO's COVAX initiative) to ensure fair distribution of vaccines and resources. Community engagement: Empower local leaders and residents to co-design health interventions (this was effective in managing Ebola outbreaks).

Answer 5

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Usually transmitted in airborne droplets One-quarter of world’s population have a TB infection and in 2020 10 million fell ill TB is one of the top 10 causes of death in the world In 2017 the rate of active TB in Canada was 4.9 per 100 000 There were 1796 cases of active TB reported in Canada About 5% of those initially infected develop pulmonary TB In 95% of those initially infected, the infection becomes latent and may be reactivated later in life

Answer 6

TB lives but doesn't grow in the body, does not make a person feel sick or have symptoms, does not spread person to person, but CAN advance to TB disease.

Answer 7

Grows and is active in the body, makes person feel sick and can be spread person to person, death if left untreated.

Answer 8

Administer and interpret TB skin tests Collect specimens Monitor medications Provide education and support when necessary Familiarity with the current Canadian Tuberculosis Standards is paramount

Answer 9

Eradication: Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent - as a result of deliberate efforts Eradication means that intervention measures are no longer required, and the agent, which previously caused the disease is no longer present. Elimination: Reduction to zero of the incidence of infection caused by a specific agent in a defined geographic area - as a result of deliberate efforts.” A disease can be eliminated from a specific region without being eradicated globally. Actions to prevent the disease from transmitting or re emerging are still required once a disease is eliminated

Answer 10

◦ Polio ◦ Guinea worm disease ◦ Lymphatic filariasis ◦ Cysticercosis ◦ Measles, mumps, and rubella

Answer 11

Its an infectious disease – ‘needs to be a disease you can “catch” from other humans or animals ◦ Note: Non-infectious diseases, such as heart disease or cancer, cannot be eradicated ◦ Humans are the major host of the disease ◦ Effective vaccine or treatment or prevention is available ◦ Political and financial ‘will’ for the eradication efforts

Answer 12

Infectious disease caused by the variola virus Major cause of mortality in the past, with historic records of outbreaks across the world. Its historic death tolls were so large that it is often likened to the Black Plague. The eradication of smallpox is therefore a major success story for global health for several reasons: 1. it was a disease that was endemic (and caused high mortality rates) across all continents; 2. Advances in the field of immunology - Smallpox vaccine was the first successful vaccine to be developed

Answer 13

Transmission is dependent on the interactions of three factors: 1. Infectious agents "what" 2. Host or who- a human or animal host may harbor an infectious agent 3.Environment or where- all that is external to the human host; physical, biological, social, and cultural factors.

Answer 14

Four main categories of infectious agents that can cause infection or disease: 1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Parasites 4. Viruses

Answer 15

Four factors influence the spread of disease: A. Host Resistance: The ability of the host to withstand infection B. Immunity: A resistance to an infectious agent C. Herd immunity: The resistance of a group of people to invasion and spread of an infectious agent. D. Infectiousness: A measure of the potential ability of an infected host to transmit the infection to other hosts.

Answer 16

The ability of the host to withstand infection. Improve resistance to disease by following a healthy lifestyle. ◦ Good nutrition, ◦ Regular exercise, ◦ Healthy sleep habits, ◦ not smoking, ◦ alcohol and drug use in moderation, ◦ learning about and using healthy coping behaviors to deal with stress and anxiety

Answer 17

◦ Is innate resistance to an infectious agent ◦ The host naturally possesses resistance against certain infections.

Answer 18

The host acquires resistance as a result of previous natural exposure to an infectious agent ◦ i.e., having measles once protects against future infections ◦ Induced by active or passive immunization Acquired Immunity may be induced by active or passive immunization

Answer 19

Immunization of an individual by administering an antigen to stimulate an active response by the host’s immunological system. E.g., Vaccinating children against childhood diseases ◦ Infectious agent; or ◦ Vaccines, a preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases ◦ Vaccination, is the act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection against a specific disease

Answer 20

Immunization through the transfer of specific antibodies from an immunized individual to a non-immunized individual ◦ Antibodies from mother to infant, known as ‘Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity’ occurs during pregnancy or breastfeeding when certain antibodies are passed from the mother to the fetus or infant. ◦ Administration of antibody-containing preparation (immune globulin or antiserum), known as ‘Artificial acquired passive immunity. Immediate but short-lived (i.e., stop-gap measure until active immunity has time to develop after vaccination (e.g., Hep A, rabies, tetanus). The administration of immune globulin to the host.

Answer 21

Vaccines create immunity in an individual by introducing a weakened or killed form of the pathogen that makes us ill – such as bacteria or viruses – or its toxins or one of its surface proteins. Vaccine induces acquired immunity so that when your body encounters the real disease-causing agent it is ready to mount a defense. A collective social benefit in high vaccination coverage. ◦ The greater the proportion of people who are immunized, the better protected everyone in the population as the disease transmission can be reduced or stopped. ◦ Herd immunity is community protection that is created when a high percentage of the population is vaccinated, such that it is less likely that the infectious disease spreads. ◦ Herd immunity provides a protective barrier, especially also for those who cannot be vaccinated.

Answer 22

A measure of the potential ability of an infected host to transmit the infection to other hosts

Answer 23

All that is external to the human host: physical, biological, social, and cultural factors ◦ Environmental factors aid the transmission of an infectious agent from an infected host to other susceptible hosts. ◦ Changing environmental factors can reduce communicable disease risk.

Answer 24

Vertical transmission: ◦ Passing an infection from a pregnant individual to their offspring during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding (e.g., In utero, During childbirth, Through breast milk) Horizontal transmission: ◦ Person-to-person spread of infection typically through direct or indirect contact

Answer 25

Direct ◦ An infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread. ◦ Direct contact – e.g., direct sexual contact – STI, pinworm ◦ Droplet spread – e.g., common cold, influenza etc. Indirect ◦ Transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors). ◦ Indirect contact - e.g., contaminated objects, clothing, bedding, toys, ◦ Airborne - e.g., droplets in air – TB ◦ Vehicleborne - e.g., food, water, milk blood Hep A B ◦ Vectorborne (mechanical or biologic) - e.g., insect – tick, mosquito etc

Answer 26

Germs are spread by directly touching the infected area. Physical contact is needed between the individual and the susceptible host. Germs found in blood and body fluids such as saliva, eye discharge, nose mucous, or oozing sores. Example, Chlamydia - direct transmission through sexual contact

Answer 27

Uses an intermediate object as the vehicle of transmission to the host ◦ unwashed hands between patients, contaminated instruments, toys. ◦ be hepatitis C transferred by sharing an infected razor or toothbrush. Germs of the Intestine (Enteric) ◦ Germs are spread when they pass out of the body in stools. ◦ Germs are passed to something touched by people who don’t wash their hands carefully after using the bathroom and are then picked up by others

Answer 28

Germs in the nose, mouth, or lungs are spread when infected drops are sneezed, coughed, or spit into the air, and are then inhaled as droplets we breathe. The droplets are less than five microns in diameter and the distance between the infected host and susceptible host does not affect transmission of the organism – small particle droplets

Answer 29

Diseases transmitted by a blood feeding arthropod. The insects can either serve as the vehicle or they themselves may actually be infected with the organism. Mosquitoes are vectors for malaria, zika virus and yellow fever, West Nile virus

Answer 30

Infection: The entry, development, and multiplication of the infectious agent in the susceptible host Disease: One of the possible outcomes of infection; may indicate a physiological dysfunction or pathological reaction Infection does not always cause disease

Answer 31

The time interval between invasion by an infectious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms of the disease

Answer 32

The time interval during which an infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected person to another person

Answer 33

Constantly present or usual rate in a given geographic area or population

Answer 34

An occurrence of disease, injury or condition in a community or region that is greater than normally expected.

Answer 35

A worldwide outbreak of specific disease injury or condition affecting large populations (e.g., COVID-19, SARS)

Answer 36

A point epidemic is an epidemic which, when the frequency of cases is graphed against time, produces a sharp peak, or point, indicating a concentration of cases over a short interval of time

Answer 37

1. Serve as an early warning system for impending public health emergencies; 2. Document the impact of interventions, or track progress to specified goals; and 3. Monitor and clarify the epidemiology of health problems to allow priorities to be set and inform public health policies and strategies

Answer 38

Reporting of diagnosed cases is not complete; ◦ Diagnostic tests may result in a false negative; ◦ Case definitions of reporting jurisdictions may differ from the national case definition for a particular disease; ◦ Not all provinces or territories are able to report on all diseases in every year; this does not necessarily mean that there have been no cases of the selected disease in that jurisdiction; ◦ Some nationally notifiable diseases are not reportable at the provincial/territorial level. In those cases, provinces and territories do not provide data. Not all people who are infected will seek medical attention; ◦ Disease that may be asymptomatic

Answer 39

Immunization is one of the most important and cost-effective public health innovations. In Canada, immunization has saved more lives than any other health intervention, and has contributed to the reduction in morbidity and mortality in adults, children, and other vulnerable populations. Without immunizations, we can expect to see serious outbreaks of many diseases that we are now protected against. Immunization doesn’t just protect the people who get immunized – it protects those around them. When a majority of the people in a community are immunized against a disease, it greatly reduces the chances of that disease spreading in the community, protecting people such as infants who are too young to be immunized and those who are not able to get immunized due to medical reasons

Answer 40

Why do not all children in the world receive vaccinations? Most poor countries’ vaccination coverage is low. Coverage against DPT (diphtheria, pertussis), and tetanus (whooping cough) marker of the strength of a country’s immunization program Affluent countries have vaccination coverage rates of more than 90%. Low- and middle-income countries’ coverage is low –some below 50%.

Answer 41

People have questions They want more evidence to be convinced that vaccines are safe and will protect them and their loved ones

Answer 42

Routine immunizations have significantly reduced illness, death, and the spread of these diseases in Canada and around the world. Vaccine-preventable diseases still pose a threat in places where immunization rates have dropped or disease continues to spread and cause outbreaks. An example is measles, a disease that can spread very easily from person to person. With globalization, these diseases that have not yet been eradicated can still come to Canada and cause serious complications and harm, especially to those who are not immunized or who are unable to be immunized due to medical conditions.

Answer 43

Water-borne pathogens usually enter water supplies through animal or human fecal contamination and frequently cause enteric disease. ◦ Pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. ◦ Hep -AV most common/ well known

Answer 44

Often categorized as food infection or food intoxication ◦ Incubation period 12 hours to several days ◦ Results from toxins produced by bacterial growth, chemical contaminants (e.g., heavy metals), or disease-producing substances found naturally in certain foods, such as some types of mushrooms and seafood. ◦ Much food-borne illness can be prevented through effective food preparation, handling, and storage.

Answer 45

A bacterial food-borne illness ◦ Although morbidity can be significant, death is uncommon except among infants, older persons, and the debilitated. ◦ It is estimated that only a small proportion of cases are recognized clinically and that only 1% of clinical cases are reported. ◦ The yearly number of Salmonella infections may be in the millions.

Answer 46

A liver disease caused by the Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) – HAV can be found in sewage and untreated water. WHO estimates an annual total of 1.5 million cases of Hepatitis A worldwide. ◦ Seroprevalence data suggests that 10s of millions of HAV infections occur each year. ◦ Incidence level is highly related to the prevailing level of hygiene and sanitation. The disease is most prevalent in less developed parts of the world. Hepatitis A is one of the most common vaccine-preventable illnesses in travelers. The best way to prevent hepatitis A is to get vaccinated Transmission – eating food or drinking water that contains HAV. Contaminated sources may include: ◦ Ice ◦ Raw or undercooked shellfish ◦ Raw or frozen fruits and vegetables (peel them yourself to reduce risk) Hepatitis A can also spread by eating foods prepared by an infected person from person to person (rarely) through: ◦ Sexual contact with an infected person ◦ Contact with the feces of an infected person ◦ Blood transfusions or sharing needles for drug use ◦ Changing diapers or cleaning up stool from an infected person Transmission of HAV can start 2 weeks before symptoms. Infection of others can occur until about a week after showing jaundice Clinical course of HAV ranges from mild to severe and often requires prolonged recovery

Answer 47

The highest risk factors for the development of diarrheal diseases are unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation. For children growth failure and Vit. A deficiency is also important Rotavirus vaccines are effective at preventing diarrhea in children and are estimated to have saved 128,00 children’s lives in 2016 Oral rehydration is a low-tech solution to tx. Saved more than 70 million lives since its first use. The disease of the traveler - Many food-borne diseases can be avoided in other countries if the traveler eats thoroughly cooked foods prepared with reasonable hygiene. ◦ Water in many areas is not potable. ◦ Drinking unsafe water can lead to a variety of infections. ◦ Only boiled water, bottled water, or water purified with iodine or chlorine compounds should be consumed

Answer 48

Worldwide, malaria is the most prevalent vector borne disease. ◦ Most victims are children. It is one of the leading causes of child mortality. Every twelfth child that died in 2017, died because of malaria No vaccine is available in CAN. Prevention depends on protection against mosquitoes and appropriate chemoprophylaxis. Malaria is gaining drug resistance, so decisions about antimalarial medications must be tailored to the individual. Caused by the blood-borne parasite plasmodium, transmitted through the bite of an infected

Answer 49

An infection transmitted under natural conditions from a vertebrate animal to a human. ◦ Means of transmission: ◦ Animal bites ◦ Inhalation ◦ Ingestion ◦ Direct contact ◦ Arthropod intermediates

Answer 50

Rabies: ◦ A well-known zoonosis ◦ A significant public health problem worldwide ◦ Causes as many as 55,000 human deaths a year, mostly in developing regions such as Asia and Africa

Answer 51

◦ Clean the wound thoroughly with soap and water. ◦ Consult a physician immediately. Suspect rabies if the bite is from a wild animal or an unprovoked attack from a domestic animal

Answer 52

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death. Reminder: Antimicrobials are medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals and plants, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics

Answer 53

Goal: To strengthen Canada’s ability to combat the risks of AMR in a coordinated, multisectoral and effective manner. Four components: 1. Surveillance; 2. Infection prevention and control; 3. Stewardship; 4. Research and innovation

Answer 54

The practice and science of integrating nursing information and knowledge with technology to manage and integrate health information and communication technologies to promote the health of people, families, and communities worldwide” (IMIA-NI, 2009)

Answer 55

◦ collecting, ◦ extracting, ◦ aggregating, ◦ analyzing, and ◦ interpreting standardized data using emerging data science principles and methods.

Answer 56

Patient scheduling and transfer Billing and financial management Diagnostic imaging Laboratory reporting Order entry applications Pharmacy Patient documentation systems Clinical support tools Remote consultation and triage Resource management applications

Answer 57

*The use of standardized questions in admission and discharge assessments helps nurses access real-time information to examine the effect of nursing practice and quality improvement initiatives. *It can provide valuable information to facilitate discharge planning and improve the sharing of clinical information with the health-care team across the continuum of care. *It provides health-care executives with real-time reports they can use to make staffing and financial decision and compare with other data (such as length of stay and readmissions). This helps them evaluate their unit/organization’s ability to improve clinical outcomes (such as pain management and preparing patients for discharge). *Standardized information is important to patients and their families within the health-care system — so they can, for example, compare data to determine if they are maintaining or improving functional status, or if self-care capacity is adequate. *At a broader level, standardized information will be useful to researchers and policy-makers to examine how well the system is meeting the health-care needs of people.

Answer 58

1. Nurses will integrate ICT into their practice to achieve desirable patient outcomes 2. Nurses will have the require information and knowledge to support their practice 3. Human resources planning will be facilitated 4. New models of nursing practice and health services delivery will be supported 5. Nursing groups will be well connected 6. ICT will improve quality of nurses’ working environments 7. Canadian nurses will contribute to the global community of nursing

Answer 59

Three component competencies include: 1. Information and Knowledge Management ◦ Uses relevant information and knowledge to support the delivery of evidence informed patient care. 2. Professional and Regulatory Accountability ◦ Uses ICT in accordance with professional and regulatory standards and workplace policies. 3. Information and Communication Technologies ◦ Uses ICT in the delivery of patient/client care

Answer 60

Destruction or devastation caused by natural events. ◦ E.g., earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, cyclones, floods or drought, wildfires, storms/ blizzards. Developing countries experience a disproportionate burden from natural disasters: ₋ They are usually experiencing poverty, with limited resources. ₋ Their death rate is 12 times higher than that in developed countries. ₋ Homes in these countries are less sturdy. ₋ Citizens in developing countries have fewer social security supports.

Answer 61

◦ Destruction or devastation caused by humans ◦ Societal: conflict, stampedes, acts of terrorism Examples: ◦ Riots and civil unrest ◦ Wars over land rights ◦ School violence

Answer 62

Involve effects caused by the spread of an organism (disease, virus, epidemic, pandemic), or can be related to the sudden growth of a certain kind of plant or animal (e.g., locusts): ◦ Examples: ◦ Disease/ virus (e.g., SARS - COVID-19) ◦ Infestation (plant/animal) ◦ Bacterial (mold) ◦ Impt. to understand Canada’s history in response to SARS and how this has led to a stronger response to COVID-19

Answer 63

Pandemic presentation and response can differ to that of other disasters: COVID-19 pandemic has manifested through illness, death, and economic recession ◦ No widespread destruction of housing and infrastructures Local/ Provincial leadership has largely remained intact, allowing for locally led responses Federal leadership has been necessary to provide financial aide, technical expertise, research, and specific resources like personal protective equipment (PPE), vaccines etc Most emergencies and disasters are relatively short in duration and contained geographically, the pandemic is a global event that will require a possibly years-long response

Answer 64

All communities are some level of risk of emergencies and disasters ◦ infectious disease outbreaks, ◦ conflicts, and ◦ natural, technological and other hazards Disaster frequency, severity, impacts and associated risks / contributing factors include: ◦ global climate change, ◦ rapid population growth and displacement, ◦ unplanned urbanization and environmental degradation, ◦ antimicrobial resistance and ◦ community fragility Health, economic, political and societal consequences of disaster events can be devastating to indviduals, communities and populations.

Answer 65

Special attention is required during and after a disaster, as the impact of disasters can reinforce, perpetuate, and increase existing inequities. ◦ Children, ◦ Older people/ aging, indigenous people ◦ Persons with disabilities ◦ Developing nations ◦ People living with chronic conditions ◦ Persons living on a low income, including the homeless Non–English-speaking persons and refugees ◦ Persons living alone ◦ One-parent families ◦ Persons new to the area ◦ Institutionalized persons ◦ Previous disaster victims or victims of traumatic events ◦ People who are not citizens or legally documented immigrants ◦ + vulnerability as they may not have disaster preparedness systems in place and may have higher levels of poverty, poor governance, inequities – including reduced access to resources and assets

Answer 66

Disasters can…. Increase morbidity, mortality, and disability. They interfere with health service delivery by damaging and destroying health facilities, interrupting of health programs, losing health staff, and overburdening clinical services. Erode other essential services infrastructure – electricity, water, sewage/garbage removal, transport, and communications Lead to loss of lives, livelihoods, and health Affect community’s ability to cope with negative impacts Seriously affect the economic, physical, social, cultural, and environmental assets of individuals, businesses, communities, and countries ◦ A single emergency can set back development gains in public health and other sectors by decades

Answer 67

Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Disaster Preparedness Disaster Response Disaster Recovery

Answer 68

Partner with community disaster team members to evaluate the consequences of the disaster. Provide information about what resources are available and accessible in order to facilitate individual and community recovery. Continue to teach proper hygiene. Make sure immunization records are current. Monitor for environmental health hazards (physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, and psychological). Initiate required actions.

Answer 69

Everyone can be impacted by trauma it can impact physical /mental health, employments and relationships Do no harm

Answer 70

We must understand and acknowledge now common trauma is

Answer 71

Trauma is highly individualized and may even be described as subjective

Answer 72

Creating a safe space build Trust and approach in a non judgemental way

Answer 73

Trauma can diminish a survivors sense of competence, working collaboratively creates opportunity for empowerment which can reinforce the survivors sense of safety, competence and self efficacy

Answer 74

Focusing on Strengths helps survivors identify the skills and coping mechanisms.

Answer 75

When we recognize and build upon individual strength we help trauma survivors develop effective self-care strategies and coping skills