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Swine Production > Final Material Part 2 > Flashcards

Final Material Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrasound

A

common technology for pregnancy detection
transducer sends waves through tissues
tissues reflect waves back
fluids do not reflect waves-“appear” as black, non reflective areas = placental fluids

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2
Q

Which direction does the uterus drop

A

right side. Check with ultrasound on the right

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3
Q

what happens if sow shows open on right side

A

check on the left side

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4
Q

3 types of ultrasound

A

a mode
b mode
doppler

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5
Q

A mode-single beam

A

if fluids–> sustained beep =bred

if no fluids–> repeated short beeps = not bred

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6
Q

B mode-real time “RTU”

A

generates picture of insides, see placenta and fetus if bred

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7
Q

advantages and disadvantages of a-mode

A

easy to use
cheap
95% accuract
between 28-30

if you aim incorrectly you could get bladder as pregnancy

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8
Q

b-mode advantges and disadvantages

A 
easier interpretation 
earlier detection
21-24 days post service 
93% accuracy 
70-73% accurate at day 17 
EXPENSIVE
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9
Q

Doppler Ultrasound

A

detects moving fluids
detects blood flow in uterine or umbilical arteries
disadvantages are expensive and hard to use

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10
Q

Endocrine test

A 
blood samples (serum+plasma) 
perform hormone tesst 
prostaglandin 
Progesterone 
estrogen
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11
Q

Hormone test

A

progesterone- high if sow is mid cycle (3-15 days) if pregnant, p4 (progesterone) stays high

advantages: early detection, economical, easy to run
disadvantage: need blood

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12
Q

breeding guidelines

A

1.) nonreturn to estrus
2.) ultrasound @ days 28-40 for RTU
@ days 35-40 for A mode

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13
Q

Follow up check @ day 60

A

look for pseudopregnancy (uterine infection fluids)

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14
Q

what causes pseudopregnancies

A

breeding to late in standing heat with AI
most sows will loose pseudo pregnancy by day 40
mold in food can cause pseudopregnancy

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15
Q

ovulation

A

decrease in estrogen increase in progesterone
progesterone (p4) shutsdown reproductive activity
supresses levels and functions of LH and FSH

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16
Q

Luteal phase

A

“quiet phase” 15-6 days

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17
Q

What happens when sow concieves

A

p4 continues to be produced for the next 112-113 days
placenta will release/produce p4
during gestation, p4 maintains quiet enviroment

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18
Q

what if not bred at day 15 in cycle

A

progesterone drops, inhibition of LH and FSH is removed
positive feed back–> FSH effect, stimulated follicle growth
removal of p4 negative feedback p4 inhibition along with stimulus from estrogen–> LH spike

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19
Q

Commercial hormones

A

Matrix-P4
PG600-FSH+LH
Lutalyse or Estrumate-PGF2alpha
Ovugel and Porceptal-LH

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20
Q

Anestrous

A

not in heat

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21
Q

how to bring sows out of anestrous

A

removing lactation inhibitors brings animals into heat

@weaning, have estrous 3-7 days later

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22
Q

Length of estrus

A

about 56 hours

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23
Q

How is length of estrus and wean to estrus

A

length of estrus is inversely related to wean to estrus

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24
Q

ovulation

A

around 70% into estrus

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25
Q

puberty in gilts

A

4.5-6 months of age
145-180 days (180 market)
around 270-300lbs

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26
Q

full feed

A

160 days

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27
Q

limit feed

A

after 160 days

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28
Q

why limit feed

A

excess fat at pubery reduces lifetime productivity (TNW, TNL)

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29
Q

why do you increase feed before breeding

A

inrease feed 7-10 days prior to breeding

increases ovulation rate “flushing”

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30
Q

reduce feed post breeding

A

reduce feed back to 4-5 lbs

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31
Q

how to increase embyronic levels

A

increases nutrition

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32
Q

photo period >12 hrs

A

improve fertility

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33
Q

increased lifetime productivity

A

gilts that cycle early and concieve early
1st service 2nd or 3rd estrus
want 2nd or 3rd estrus=maximal lifetime productivity
if gilts weigh 300-350lb at 1st service

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34
Q

estrous synchronization

A
  1. )relocation effect: hall them around with in 3-7 days
  2. )boar exposure: >165 days of age, daily exposure to a boar, 10-15 minutes daily 2x/daily
  3. )pharm: PG 600: stimulation of estrus in pre pubertal gilts
  4. ) Matrix-liquid poor on feed for 14 days, remove and 4-9 days will return to estrus
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35
Q

doses of pg600

A

200 IU or human corionic gonadotropin (LH) ovulation

give 5ml dose 3-5 days later most in estrus

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36
Q

feeder pig: weaners

A

10-15lbs

around 21 days old

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37
Q

feeder pigs: feeders

A

40-60lbs

around 6-7 weeks old

38
Q

how are feeders sold

A

$/hd

39
Q

negotiated day of delivery

A

based on futures

prepriced already

40
Q

Swine formula

A

based on “cut-out”

41
Q

Porceptal

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) analogs release of LH and FSH
used in post weaning
sows to synchronize estrus for timed AI
injectable

42
Q

Ovugel

A

similar to porceptal but injused into the vagina

43
Q

Farrowing

A

PGF2aplha @ day 113
70% farrowed between 7am-4pm the next day
decrease in number of stillborns from 8%-4%
decreased in pre weaning mortality from 10%-7%

44
Q

Fetal growth

A

substaintial during last 2 weeks of gestation

45
Q

Artificial insemination

A

must have boar presence
sows become reractory to boar presence
by 20 minutes, only 60% stand

46
Q

Heat detection signs

A
  1. ) standing in response to back pressure
  2. ) increased activity
  3. ) ear popping
  4. ) swollen vulva
  5. ) swollen flushed clitoris
  6. ) sticky vaginal discharge
47
Q

how to increase reception, reduce refractory

A
  1. ) house boars away from sows

2. ) control boar movement

48
Q

Minutes of sexual activity

A

increased in the morning
do heat detection during the morning (3am-11:00am)
decreased in the afternoon

49
Q

timing

A

1.)ova are viable for only a few hours post ovulation
we need ferrtile semen present at ovulation
2.) semen (sperm) are viable (fertile) for about 24 hours in the female tract

50
Q

1x a day heat detection: SEI

A

Breed imediatly if you see standing heat, 2nd mating 12 hours later

51
Q

2x a day heat checks-NEI

A

wait 12 hours for 1st mating

2nd mating 24 hours after 1st if still in heat

52
Q

If on a subssequent heat (not standing well)

A

do not breed again

53
Q

late breedings

A

decreased conception, increased infection risk

54
Q

Pippette insertion

A

45 degree angle of pippete counter clock wise about 1/3 of way in

55
Q

duration of insemination

A

5 minutes

maintain pressure on boars back during insemination (stimulates natural breeding)

56
Q

what temp is semen stored at

A

61-64 F

in the dark

57
Q

how long is fertility

A

5-7 day fertility
remixed daily
remixed before (just prior ) to use

58
Q

PCAI-post cervical artificial insemination

A

semen is deposited in uterus
can save money on semen purchases because you use less of a sperm concentration semen (less sperm)
good for ovugel, timed AI

59
Q

Water

A

essential nutrients

60
Q

Types of delivery methods of water

A

water bowls: requires maintenance, easy for piglets, increases chance of contamination
nipple waterer: decreased maintenance, cleaner

61
Q

Nipple requirement

A

nursey-10 pigs/nipple
Grower: 10-15 pigs/nipple
Finisher/Gestation: 15 pigs/nipple

62
Q

Nipple Distance

A

increases as pigs get bigger

63
Q

Flow rate for nipples

A

Finisher, Gestation, lactation: 3-4 cups per minute

Nursery: 1-1.5 cups

64
Q

Height of nipples

A

pointed at 45 degree angle, line up height to the average height of top of animal

65
Q

Maintenance of nipples

A

check each nipple or bowl at least weekly, in some cases daily

66
Q

What controls flow rate of nipple

A

disk

67
Q

Energy sources

A

grains: starch
corn is the most common, wheat can be used
barley in canada and europe=cooler climate

68
Q

Fat

A

usually animal fat (by product from slaughter)
Choice white grease
Vegetable fats-unsatruated fat

69
Q

unsaturated fats

A

liquid at room temp
too much causes soft or oily BF on carcass
issue with sausage–> smeary fat

70
Q

Triglycerides

A

absopred by SI

71
Q

DDGs for fat

A

no starch but have 3x more fat, fiber and protein

over feeding=poorer quality BF

72
Q

Fat

A 
beneficial in swine rations 
around .2 fat/day 
last 2 weeks of gestation 
2-3% increase in pre weaning survival 
Increased LWT
73
Q

Feeding fat in the summer

A

cost effective during hot weather to use on grow finish and lactation diets

added fat makes up for the reduced energy due to decreased DDMI
fat has 2.25x more energy that other nutrients

74
Q

Protein quality

A

the balance of amino acids, high quality protein sources: amino acid ratios for 10 essential aas that closely match the requirements of the animal and can be altered for different phases in life cycle

75
Q

should you overfeed aas?

A

no its inefficient

76
Q

essential aa’s

A

animal does not have enzymes required to make the aas. Must come from diet

77
Q

non essential aa’s

A

animal has enzymes to use to make non aa’s in body, if they have enough nitrogen in diet

78
Q

what aa is limiting in corn-soy

A

lysiene

79
Q

limiting aas in corn soy

A
  1. )lysiene
  2. )thyiamine
  3. ) trpytophane
  4. ) meth
80
Q

digestibility

A

how easily the protein is broken (hydrolized) into individual amino acids + absorped by GI tract

81
Q

what do weaned piglets require

A

highly digestible protein sources because of lack of enzymes in body to free up proteins

82
Q

soybean meal: source of protein

A

soybean meal- less digestible, increased fiber content

fed in low amounts to train body to process fiber

83
Q

Blood meal

A

highly digestible
whole blood-not so good quality
dried blood cell-highly digestible

84
Q

dried plasma protein

A

high digestibility, high protein quality

85
Q

fish meal

A

high digestibility, high protein quality

86
Q

dried skim milk

A

whey: provides lactoses sugar, similar to energy found in mothers milk

87
Q

growth measure

average daily gain

A

lbs gained/ time

muscle=fat

88
Q

Lean gain

A

lbs muscle gained/time

just muscle

89
Q

carcass data

A

BF and LMA

90
Q

Ultrasound data

A

BF and LMA

91
Q

Average dressing percentage

A

73%

Swine Production (2 decks)

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