Final Material Part 2 Flashcards
Ultrasound
common technology for pregnancy detection
transducer sends waves through tissues
tissues reflect waves back
fluids do not reflect waves-“appear” as black, non reflective areas = placental fluids
Which direction does the uterus drop
right side. Check with ultrasound on the right
what happens if sow shows open on right side
check on the left side
3 types of ultrasound
a mode
b mode
doppler
A mode-single beam
if fluids–> sustained beep =bred
if no fluids–> repeated short beeps = not bred
B mode-real time “RTU”
generates picture of insides, see placenta and fetus if bred
advantages and disadvantages of a-mode
easy to use
cheap
95% accuract
between 28-30
if you aim incorrectly you could get bladder as pregnancy
b-mode advantges and disadvantages
easier interpretation earlier detection 21-24 days post service 93% accuracy 70-73% accurate at day 17 EXPENSIVE
Doppler Ultrasound
detects moving fluids
detects blood flow in uterine or umbilical arteries
disadvantages are expensive and hard to use
Endocrine test
blood samples (serum+plasma) perform hormone tesst prostaglandin Progesterone estrogen
Hormone test
progesterone- high if sow is mid cycle (3-15 days) if pregnant, p4 (progesterone) stays high
advantages: early detection, economical, easy to run
disadvantage: need blood
breeding guidelines
1.) nonreturn to estrus
2.) ultrasound @ days 28-40 for RTU
@ days 35-40 for A mode
Follow up check @ day 60
look for pseudopregnancy (uterine infection fluids)
what causes pseudopregnancies
breeding to late in standing heat with AI
most sows will loose pseudo pregnancy by day 40
mold in food can cause pseudopregnancy
ovulation
decrease in estrogen increase in progesterone
progesterone (p4) shutsdown reproductive activity
supresses levels and functions of LH and FSH
Luteal phase
“quiet phase” 15-6 days
What happens when sow concieves
p4 continues to be produced for the next 112-113 days
placenta will release/produce p4
during gestation, p4 maintains quiet enviroment
what if not bred at day 15 in cycle
progesterone drops, inhibition of LH and FSH is removed
positive feed back–> FSH effect, stimulated follicle growth
removal of p4 negative feedback p4 inhibition along with stimulus from estrogen–> LH spike
Commercial hormones
Matrix-P4
PG600-FSH+LH
Lutalyse or Estrumate-PGF2alpha
Ovugel and Porceptal-LH
Anestrous
not in heat
how to bring sows out of anestrous
removing lactation inhibitors brings animals into heat
@weaning, have estrous 3-7 days later
Length of estrus
about 56 hours
How is length of estrus and wean to estrus
length of estrus is inversely related to wean to estrus
ovulation
around 70% into estrus
puberty in gilts
4.5-6 months of age
145-180 days (180 market)
around 270-300lbs
full feed
160 days
limit feed
after 160 days
why limit feed
excess fat at pubery reduces lifetime productivity (TNW, TNL)
why do you increase feed before breeding
inrease feed 7-10 days prior to breeding
increases ovulation rate “flushing”
reduce feed post breeding
reduce feed back to 4-5 lbs
how to increase embyronic levels
increases nutrition
photo period >12 hrs
improve fertility
increased lifetime productivity
gilts that cycle early and concieve early
1st service 2nd or 3rd estrus
want 2nd or 3rd estrus=maximal lifetime productivity
if gilts weigh 300-350lb at 1st service
estrous synchronization
- )relocation effect: hall them around with in 3-7 days
- )boar exposure: >165 days of age, daily exposure to a boar, 10-15 minutes daily 2x/daily
- )pharm: PG 600: stimulation of estrus in pre pubertal gilts
- ) Matrix-liquid poor on feed for 14 days, remove and 4-9 days will return to estrus
doses of pg600
200 IU or human corionic gonadotropin (LH) ovulation
give 5ml dose 3-5 days later most in estrus
feeder pig: weaners
10-15lbs
around 21 days old
feeder pigs: feeders
40-60lbs
around 6-7 weeks old
how are feeders sold
$/hd
negotiated day of delivery
based on futures
prepriced already
Swine formula
based on “cut-out”
Porceptal
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) analogs release of LH and FSH
used in post weaning
sows to synchronize estrus for timed AI
injectable
Ovugel
similar to porceptal but injused into the vagina
Farrowing
PGF2aplha @ day 113
70% farrowed between 7am-4pm the next day
decrease in number of stillborns from 8%-4%
decreased in pre weaning mortality from 10%-7%
Fetal growth
substaintial during last 2 weeks of gestation
Artificial insemination
must have boar presence
sows become reractory to boar presence
by 20 minutes, only 60% stand
Heat detection signs
- ) standing in response to back pressure
- ) increased activity
- ) ear popping
- ) swollen vulva
- ) swollen flushed clitoris
- ) sticky vaginal discharge
how to increase reception, reduce refractory
- ) house boars away from sows
2. ) control boar movement
Minutes of sexual activity
increased in the morning
do heat detection during the morning (3am-11:00am)
decreased in the afternoon
timing
1.)ova are viable for only a few hours post ovulation
we need ferrtile semen present at ovulation
2.) semen (sperm) are viable (fertile) for about 24 hours in the female tract
1x a day heat detection: SEI
Breed imediatly if you see standing heat, 2nd mating 12 hours later
2x a day heat checks-NEI
wait 12 hours for 1st mating
2nd mating 24 hours after 1st if still in heat
If on a subssequent heat (not standing well)
do not breed again
late breedings
decreased conception, increased infection risk
Pippette insertion
45 degree angle of pippete counter clock wise about 1/3 of way in
duration of insemination
5 minutes
maintain pressure on boars back during insemination (stimulates natural breeding)
what temp is semen stored at
61-64 F
in the dark
how long is fertility
5-7 day fertility
remixed daily
remixed before (just prior ) to use
PCAI-post cervical artificial insemination
semen is deposited in uterus
can save money on semen purchases because you use less of a sperm concentration semen (less sperm)
good for ovugel, timed AI
Water
essential nutrients
Types of delivery methods of water
water bowls: requires maintenance, easy for piglets, increases chance of contamination
nipple waterer: decreased maintenance, cleaner
Nipple requirement
nursey-10 pigs/nipple
Grower: 10-15 pigs/nipple
Finisher/Gestation: 15 pigs/nipple
Nipple Distance
increases as pigs get bigger
Flow rate for nipples
Finisher, Gestation, lactation: 3-4 cups per minute
Nursery: 1-1.5 cups
Height of nipples
pointed at 45 degree angle, line up height to the average height of top of animal
Maintenance of nipples
check each nipple or bowl at least weekly, in some cases daily
What controls flow rate of nipple
disk
Energy sources
grains: starch
corn is the most common, wheat can be used
barley in canada and europe=cooler climate
Fat
usually animal fat (by product from slaughter)
Choice white grease
Vegetable fats-unsatruated fat
unsaturated fats
liquid at room temp
too much causes soft or oily BF on carcass
issue with sausage–> smeary fat
Triglycerides
absopred by SI
DDGs for fat
no starch but have 3x more fat, fiber and protein
over feeding=poorer quality BF
Fat
beneficial in swine rations around .2 fat/day last 2 weeks of gestation 2-3% increase in pre weaning survival Increased LWT
Feeding fat in the summer
cost effective during hot weather to use on grow finish and lactation diets
added fat makes up for the reduced energy due to decreased DDMI
fat has 2.25x more energy that other nutrients
Protein quality
the balance of amino acids, high quality protein sources: amino acid ratios for 10 essential aas that closely match the requirements of the animal and can be altered for different phases in life cycle
should you overfeed aas?
no its inefficient
essential aa’s
animal does not have enzymes required to make the aas. Must come from diet
non essential aa’s
animal has enzymes to use to make non aa’s in body, if they have enough nitrogen in diet
what aa is limiting in corn-soy
lysiene
limiting aas in corn soy
- )lysiene
- )thyiamine
- ) trpytophane
- ) meth
digestibility
how easily the protein is broken (hydrolized) into individual amino acids + absorped by GI tract
what do weaned piglets require
highly digestible protein sources because of lack of enzymes in body to free up proteins
soybean meal: source of protein
soybean meal- less digestible, increased fiber content
fed in low amounts to train body to process fiber
Blood meal
highly digestible
whole blood-not so good quality
dried blood cell-highly digestible
dried plasma protein
high digestibility, high protein quality
fish meal
high digestibility, high protein quality
dried skim milk
whey: provides lactoses sugar, similar to energy found in mothers milk
growth measure
average daily gain
lbs gained/ time
muscle=fat
Lean gain
lbs muscle gained/time
just muscle
carcass data
BF and LMA
Ultrasound data
BF and LMA
Average dressing percentage
73%
