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Swine Production > Final Material Part 2 > Flashcards

Final Material Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ultrasound

A

common technology for pregnancy detection
transducer sends waves through tissues
tissues reflect waves back
fluids do not reflect waves-“appear” as black, non reflective areas = placental fluids

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2
Q

Which direction does the uterus drop

A

right side. Check with ultrasound on the right

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3
Q

what happens if sow shows open on right side

A

check on the left side

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4
Q

3 types of ultrasound

A

a mode
b mode
doppler

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5
Q

A mode-single beam

A

if fluids–> sustained beep =bred

if no fluids–> repeated short beeps = not bred

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6
Q

B mode-real time “RTU”

A

generates picture of insides, see placenta and fetus if bred

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7
Q

advantages and disadvantages of a-mode

A

easy to use
cheap
95% accuract
between 28-30

if you aim incorrectly you could get bladder as pregnancy

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8
Q

b-mode advantges and disadvantages

A 
easier interpretation 
earlier detection
21-24 days post service 
93% accuracy 
70-73% accurate at day 17 
EXPENSIVE
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9
Q

Doppler Ultrasound

A

detects moving fluids
detects blood flow in uterine or umbilical arteries
disadvantages are expensive and hard to use

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10
Q

Endocrine test

A 
blood samples (serum+plasma) 
perform hormone tesst 
prostaglandin 
Progesterone 
estrogen
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11
Q

Hormone test

A

progesterone- high if sow is mid cycle (3-15 days) if pregnant, p4 (progesterone) stays high

advantages: early detection, economical, easy to run
disadvantage: need blood

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12
Q

breeding guidelines

A

1.) nonreturn to estrus
2.) ultrasound @ days 28-40 for RTU
@ days 35-40 for A mode

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13
Q

Follow up check @ day 60

A

look for pseudopregnancy (uterine infection fluids)

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14
Q

what causes pseudopregnancies

A

breeding to late in standing heat with AI
most sows will loose pseudo pregnancy by day 40
mold in food can cause pseudopregnancy

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15
Q

ovulation

A

decrease in estrogen increase in progesterone
progesterone (p4) shutsdown reproductive activity
supresses levels and functions of LH and FSH

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16
Q

Luteal phase

A

“quiet phase” 15-6 days

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17
Q

What happens when sow concieves

A

p4 continues to be produced for the next 112-113 days
placenta will release/produce p4
during gestation, p4 maintains quiet enviroment

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18
Q

what if not bred at day 15 in cycle

A

progesterone drops, inhibition of LH and FSH is removed
positive feed back–> FSH effect, stimulated follicle growth
removal of p4 negative feedback p4 inhibition along with stimulus from estrogen–> LH spike

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19
Q

Commercial hormones

A

Matrix-P4
PG600-FSH+LH
Lutalyse or Estrumate-PGF2alpha
Ovugel and Porceptal-LH

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20
Q

Anestrous

A

not in heat

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21
Q

how to bring sows out of anestrous

A

removing lactation inhibitors brings animals into heat

@weaning, have estrous 3-7 days later

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22
Q

Length of estrus

A

about 56 hours

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23
Q

How is length of estrus and wean to estrus

A

length of estrus is inversely related to wean to estrus

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24
Q

ovulation

A

around 70% into estrus

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25
puberty in gilts
4.5-6 months of age 145-180 days (180 market) around 270-300lbs
26
full feed
160 days
27
limit feed
after 160 days
28
why limit feed
excess fat at pubery reduces lifetime productivity (TNW, TNL)
29
why do you increase feed before breeding
inrease feed 7-10 days prior to breeding | increases ovulation rate "flushing"
30
reduce feed post breeding
reduce feed back to 4-5 lbs
31
how to increase embyronic levels
increases nutrition
32
photo period >12 hrs
improve fertility
33
increased lifetime productivity
gilts that cycle early and concieve early 1st service 2nd or 3rd estrus want 2nd or 3rd estrus=maximal lifetime productivity if gilts weigh 300-350lb at 1st service
34
estrous synchronization
1. )relocation effect: hall them around with in 3-7 days 2. )boar exposure: >165 days of age, daily exposure to a boar, 10-15 minutes daily 2x/daily 3. )pharm: PG 600: stimulation of estrus in pre pubertal gilts 4. ) Matrix-liquid poor on feed for 14 days, remove and 4-9 days will return to estrus
35
doses of pg600
200 IU or human corionic gonadotropin (LH) ovulation | give 5ml dose 3-5 days later most in estrus
36
feeder pig: weaners
10-15lbs | around 21 days old
37
feeder pigs: feeders
40-60lbs | around 6-7 weeks old
38
how are feeders sold
$/hd
39
negotiated day of delivery
based on futures | prepriced already
40
Swine formula
based on "cut-out"
41
Porceptal
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH) analogs release of LH and FSH used in post weaning sows to synchronize estrus for timed AI injectable
42
Ovugel
similar to porceptal but injused into the vagina
43
Farrowing
PGF2aplha @ day 113 70% farrowed between 7am-4pm the next day decrease in number of stillborns from 8%-4% decreased in pre weaning mortality from 10%-7%
44
Fetal growth
substaintial during last 2 weeks of gestation
45
Artificial insemination
must have boar presence sows become reractory to boar presence by 20 minutes, only 60% stand
46
Heat detection signs
1. ) standing in response to back pressure 2. ) increased activity 3. ) ear popping 4. ) swollen vulva 5. ) swollen flushed clitoris 6. ) sticky vaginal discharge
47
how to increase reception, reduce refractory
1. ) house boars away from sows | 2. ) control boar movement
48
Minutes of sexual activity
increased in the morning do heat detection during the morning (3am-11:00am) decreased in the afternoon
49
timing
1.)ova are viable for only a few hours post ovulation we need ferrtile semen present at ovulation 2.) semen (sperm) are viable (fertile) for about 24 hours in the female tract
50
1x a day heat detection: SEI
Breed imediatly if you see standing heat, 2nd mating 12 hours later
51
2x a day heat checks-NEI
wait 12 hours for 1st mating | 2nd mating 24 hours after 1st if still in heat
52
If on a subssequent heat (not standing well)
do not breed again
53
late breedings
decreased conception, increased infection risk
54
Pippette insertion
45 degree angle of pippete counter clock wise about 1/3 of way in
55
duration of insemination
5 minutes | maintain pressure on boars back during insemination (stimulates natural breeding)
56
what temp is semen stored at
61-64 F | in the dark
57
how long is fertility
5-7 day fertility remixed daily remixed before (just prior ) to use
58
PCAI-post cervical artificial insemination
semen is deposited in uterus can save money on semen purchases because you use less of a sperm concentration semen (less sperm) good for ovugel, timed AI
59
Water
essential nutrients
60
Types of delivery methods of water
water bowls: requires maintenance, easy for piglets, increases chance of contamination nipple waterer: decreased maintenance, cleaner
61
Nipple requirement
nursey-10 pigs/nipple Grower: 10-15 pigs/nipple Finisher/Gestation: 15 pigs/nipple
62
Nipple Distance
increases as pigs get bigger
63
Flow rate for nipples
Finisher, Gestation, lactation: 3-4 cups per minute | Nursery: 1-1.5 cups
64
Height of nipples
pointed at 45 degree angle, line up height to the average height of top of animal
65
Maintenance of nipples
check each nipple or bowl at least weekly, in some cases daily
66
What controls flow rate of nipple
disk
67
Energy sources
grains: starch corn is the most common, wheat can be used barley in canada and europe=cooler climate
68
Fat
usually animal fat (by product from slaughter) Choice white grease Vegetable fats-unsatruated fat
69
unsaturated fats
liquid at room temp too much causes soft or oily BF on carcass issue with sausage--> smeary fat
70
Triglycerides
absopred by SI
71
DDGs for fat
no starch but have 3x more fat, fiber and protein | over feeding=poorer quality BF
72
Fat
``` beneficial in swine rations around .2 fat/day last 2 weeks of gestation 2-3% increase in pre weaning survival Increased LWT ```
73
Feeding fat in the summer
cost effective during hot weather to use on grow finish and lactation diets added fat makes up for the reduced energy due to decreased DDMI fat has 2.25x more energy that other nutrients
74
Protein quality
the balance of amino acids, high quality protein sources: amino acid ratios for 10 essential aas that closely match the requirements of the animal and can be altered for different phases in life cycle
75
should you overfeed aas?
no its inefficient
76
essential aa's
animal does not have enzymes required to make the aas. Must come from diet
77
non essential aa's
animal has enzymes to use to make non aa's in body, if they have enough nitrogen in diet
78
what aa is limiting in corn-soy
lysiene
79
limiting aas in corn soy
1. )lysiene 2. )thyiamine 3. ) trpytophane 4. ) meth
80
digestibility
how easily the protein is broken (hydrolized) into individual amino acids + absorped by GI tract
81
what do weaned piglets require
highly digestible protein sources because of lack of enzymes in body to free up proteins
82
soybean meal: source of protein
soybean meal- less digestible, increased fiber content | fed in low amounts to train body to process fiber
83
Blood meal
highly digestible whole blood-not so good quality dried blood cell-highly digestible
84
dried plasma protein
high digestibility, high protein quality
85
fish meal
high digestibility, high protein quality
86
dried skim milk
whey: provides lactoses sugar, similar to energy found in mothers milk
87
growth measure | average daily gain
lbs gained/ time | muscle=fat
88
Lean gain
lbs muscle gained/time | just muscle
89
carcass data
BF and LMA
90
Ultrasound data
BF and LMA
91
Average dressing percentage
73%

Swine Production (2 decks)

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