Final Material Flashcards
Nutrition, Reproduction, Basic facts, management,
Top Manure Spreading States
- ) Iowa
- ) Wisconsin
- ) Minnesota
ASF
African Swine Disease
Basic Swine Temperature
102.5 F
Means of regulating temperature
- ) Light hair coat
2. ) Subcutaneous fat
External “welting” of body
wallowing
blank age group of piglets seek heat
blank age group of piglets still require all access to heat lamps
5-6 weeks of age
3 weeks at weaning
what aspects of the anatomy of the pig allow for rooting up dirt
low center of gravity, strong shoulder, neck muscles
national average pigs weaned
11.5 pigs weaned
11 pigs weaned live
length of estrus
21 days
polyestrus
year round breeders, a bit of seasonality in the summer (reduced in summer)
gestation length
3 months + 3 weeks + 3 days
114-115 days
self synchronizing
post weaning: 3-7 days, vast majority at 5 days #1
how many times a day can a mature boar mate
2x/day, with decreased semen concentration at second mating.
artificial insemination semen volume
80-100ml for breeding sows
boar ejaculate
around 500ml
turgid
uterus is filled with semen=fertile mating
omnivores
eats vegetables + meat
monogastrics
simple stomach, no enzymes to break cellulose
cecum
some fiber digetation (microbes in cecum/colon) to break nutrients
How much fiber do sows obtain from forages
up to 25% of DMI
How much DDGs can you feed to grow finish pigs
up to 30%
what is the top feed ingredient used for energy
corn
what is the most common feed used for protein
soybean meal to make corn-soy
common protein feeds
soybean meal
canola meal
linseed meal
sunflower meal (common in Europe)
What is the relationship with fiber and performance in grow finish pigs
increased fiber= decreased performance of grow finish pigs
name 10 essential amino acids
- ) arginine
- ) histidine
- ) isoleucine
- ) leucine
- ) lysine
- ) methionine
- ) phenylanine
- ) theorine
- ) tryptophan
- ) valine
What vitamins are supplemented for pigs
vitamin A, D, E and b complex + vitamin K
Mineral supplementation of Fe
for piglets who are born deficient, sows have the lowest concentration of Fe in mammals
iron dextran for piglets
Manure concerns
Lagoons and hurricanes
genetic selection for
litter size
countries with most pigs
- ) China–> 456,733,400
- ) USA–> 71,500,400
- ) Brazil–> 39,950,300
Countries with highest pork production
- ) China–> 54,129,762
- ) USA–> 11,320,182
- ) Germany
Meat consumption trends
beef has gone down
Pork has gone down
lamb is steady
chicken has gone up
Most consumed meat
pork, because of China’s population
When did domestication begin
10-13,000 years ago
what was the first animal to be domesticated
dog
12-13,000 years ago
When were sheep/goats domesticated?
When were swine domesticated?
sheep and goats–> 11,000
Swine–> 11,500
Advantages of domestication
- ) better nutrition
- ) allowed for political development
- ) frees up other resources
When were swine domesticated in China?
7,000 years ago
Taxonomy of swine
order: Artiodactylia “even toed”
suborder: Suina “large upper canine teeth”
family: Suidae “large upper, outward turning canine teeth
genus: Sus
species: Scrofa
sub species: Domesticus
Wild Ancestors: East Indian Pigs (SE Asia)
Sus Scrofa Vitatus
Wild Ancestors: European Wild Boar ( E. Europe)
Sus Scrofa Eurasia
When were the two ancestors crossed?
200-300 years ago
Peccary
SE USA
Suina
African Warthog
Suidae
Babirusa
Cambodia
Characteristics of feral/wild hogs
longer noses, thick hair coat, darker hair coat color
Seedstock producer
produce breeding stock
Primary product: breeding stock-gilts, boars, semen
Farrowing (gestation)
primary products: weaned pigs
Finishing (grow-finish)
products: market hogs
Farrow-finish
Primary products: market hogs
Ideal sow bcs
3.0-3.5
Ideal sow bf
.75-.85 inches
what happens if sows are too thin
- ) milk production goes down
- ) lighter weaning weights
- ) reduced fertility
what happens if sows are too fat
- ) reduced feed intake during lactation
- ketosis
- ) reduced milk, reduced fertility
- increased pre weaning mortality
- increased dystocia
what does sow loose during lactation
lose around 1 from bcs
or around .15 inces of last rb fat
Managers must do these when managing breeding sows
assess bcs @ weaning
assess bc at 70-80 days and adjust feed
ensure each sow gets correct amount of feed because feeding
because if fed at libery sows will get too fat
feeding: stall systems
auger feeding=control feed intake, low maintenancy
feeding: group pens
electric sow feeder, free access stalls
TSI-Terminal Sire Index
weighted combination of BF, Days, Lbs, FE. Used to select sires for terminal pigs (pigs for market) Breed average is 100
SPI-Sow Productivity Index
Weighted economic index incorporating number born alive, number weaned, litter weight. Used when looking for boars to sire gilts as replacements. More likely to choose sows (dams) of replacement gilts
MLI-Maternal Line Index
weighted economic index that utilizes all EPDs (maternal+terminal) weighted–> 2/3 maternal 1/3 terminal
Process for picking breeding females
- ) go through data
- ) visual appraisal: look at gilts who are 150lbs, 5 months old before sexual maturity
- ) mate: keep the 1st ones to concieve
Criteria list:
- ) record
- ) repro soundness
- ) skeletal soundness
- ) capacity
- ) muscling
Underline soundness
# of nipples: 12 total commercial: 16 ideal uniformity and spacing functionality External genitalia: proper size and structure
Underline unsoundness
pin nipples
ununiform nipple spacing
none functional nipples
tipped vulva
Skeletal correctness
big bones
angles on front and rear hocks
uniform and spaced toes
Capacity
volume, depth, chest cavity and abdomen are deep
wide shoulders, deep chested
deeper capacity= more room to hold big litters
single gene traits
non-additive traits
additive inheritance
many of gene loci that affect the trait
inbreeding
increases homozygosity
Topigs Norsvin
2nd largest swine genetics coorperation in the world behind the USA company
Boar traits
fast growing, efficient, uniformity progeny, disease resistance, carcass
Boar taint
affects meat quality, palatability
sow traits
large litters, good litter weights, performance, post weaning, fertility, durable
piglet processing
ear notch: cheap, prominent
dock tails
castration
Ear notch- Right
Litter Number
Ear notch- Left
Individual Number
Why are tails docked
help prevent tail biting
Length of dock depends on what
history of tail biting in herd
minimal- tuff/end
mild: switch
severe: shorter dock
factors contributing to tail biting
inadequate water fountain spaces
feed space
ventalation
how can one fix the factors that contribute to tail biting
add toys
bedding
change genetics
Castration
reduces aggression
reduce boar taint
when do market hogs reach maturity
6 months
adrostenone
metabolite of testostorone
smells like urine
in fat-muscle tissue
Skatole
smells like swine feces metabolite of trp bacteria of colon stored in fat increased amounts in boars because of liver skatole
ovary
female gonad
produces: oocytes , hormones
oocytes
follicles (each follicle produces ONE ova)
clear, fluid fill
estrogen
produced by follicles
progesterone
produced by corpus luteum (yellow solid mass)
oviduct
infundibulum
wraps around the ovary
when ovary ovulates, oviduct collects them
SITE OF FERTILIZATION
Uterine horns
bulk of uterus
carry pregnancy (fetus + placenta)
provides nutrients for fetus
endometrium
inner lining of uterus
Uterine body
site where 2 horns meet and join with cervix
cervix
provides barrier between outside world and uterus
SITE OF SEMEN DEPOSITION IN NATURAL SERVICE
spiral arrangment
left hand cork screw shape of the cervix
thread ai counter clockwise
Vagina
birth canal
urinary bladder empties here also
vulva
external portion of tract
sow repro tract
2 ovaries 2 oviducts 2 uterine horns uterine body (short) cervix vagina vulva
non-productive days
any day a sow or gilt is not pregnant or lactating
objective with non-productive days
keep NPDs as low as possible
what is the cost of NPD
4-5$/NPD/animal
How to reduce NPDs
1.) good reproduction management program to reproduce NPDs. effective pregnancy detection program (and early)
Pregnancy Detection Methods
- ) non-return to estrus
- ) ultrasound (embryo, fetus)
- ) endocrine test
Non return to estrus
average 21 days
daily estrus detection, ideally begin @ 2 weeks
post service until about 3.5 weeks post service
14-25 days: window of opportunity -use boar exposure
advantages of nonreturn to estrus
inexpensive
resonably accurate- 98%
rebreed if sow is in estrus
disadvantages of nonreturn to estrus
labor
time
false positives
