Final: Male Repro

Question 1

What is the progression of spermatogenesis?

Answer 1

Primordial germ cells –> spermatogonia –> primary Spermatocytes –> Secondary spermatocytes —> Spermatids —–> mature sperm

Question 2

Where are sertoli cells located?

Answer 2

within seminiferous tubules.

Question 3

_____ _______ act as nurse cells (sustentacular cells) that surround primary spermatocytes and get them through the process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.

Answer 3

Nurse cells

Question 4

What is spermiogenesis

Answer 4

differentiation of spermatids into mature sperm

Question 5

What is spermiogenesis

Answer 5

differentiation of spermatids into mature sperm

Question 6

What forms the acrosome

Answer 6

proacrosomal nesicles coalesce

Question 7

what does the acrosome contain?

Answer 7

hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes

Question 8

What does the acrosome cap?

Answer 8

the nucleus

Question 9

What happens to the centrioles during spermiogenesis

Answer 9

they migrate to the side of nucleus opposite acrosome.

Question 10

In spermigenesis what organize the flagellum

Answer 10

distal centriole

Question 11

where do mitochondria locate in spermiogenesis

Answer 11

move to base of forming flagellum and wrap around it.

Question 12

What is the residual body in spermiogenesis

Answer 12

excess cytoplasm is sloughed off

Question 13

Where are sperm cells stored until ejaculation?

Answer 13

epididymis

Question 14

how long does passage through the epididymis take?

Answer 14

several days

Question 15

Where are the cells of leydig found?

Answer 15

interstitial spaces in testes

Question 16

what do the cells of leydig secrete?

Answer 16

testosterone

Question 17

what do the cells of leydig secrete?

Answer 17

testosterone

Question 18

What stimulates the secretion of testosterone in the cells of leydig?

Answer 18

luteinizing hormone secreted by anterior pituitary-

-FSH is also necessary for spermatogenesis

Question 19

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

Answer 19

paired, behind prostate.

Question 20

What is the structure of the seminal vesicles?

Answer 20

a loculated tube lined with secretory epithelium

Question 21

What does the mucoid material secreted by seminal vesicles contain?

Answer 21

Fructose
citric acid
additional nutrients
prostaglandins
fibrinogen

Question 22

during emission and ejaculation contents of seminal vesicles are emptied into?

Answer 22

ejaculatory ducts containing sperm.

Question 23

during emission and ejaculation contents of seminal vesicles are emptied into?

Answer 23

ejaculatory ducts containing sperm.

Question 24

during emission and ejaculation contents of seminal vesicles are emptied into?

Answer 24

ejaculatory ducts containing sperm.

Question 25

what percentage of semen is from seminal vesicles?

Answer 25

60% of total volume

Question 26

What is the role of fructose for sperm

Answer 26

energy production

Question 27

___________ make cervical mucous more receptive to sperm movement and may cause retro-peristaltic contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes.

Answer 27

Prostaglandins

Question 28

What percentage of the semen volume is from the prostate gland?

Answer 28

30% of total volume

Question 29

What does the prostate gland secrete?

Answer 29

a milky fluid containing calcium, citrate ions phosphate ions, clotting factor, and profibrinolysin

Question 30

How can the prostate gland fluid help to neutralize acidity of other seminal fluids and vaginal secretions of the female?

Answer 30

it is slightly alkaline

Question 31

Define Androgens

Answer 31

any steroid hormone that has masculinizing effects

Question 32

What are 3 androgens

Answer 32

testosterone dihydrotestosterone androstenedione

Question 33

Androgens can be synthesized in testes and adrenal glands from what?

Answer 33

cholesterol and Acetyl-CoA

Question 34

When is testosterone almost nonexistent

Answer 34

during childhood, between newborn and adult

Question 35

97% of testosterone is loosely bound with ________ or tightly bound with ______ _______

Answer 35

albumin, beta globulin

Question 36

how long does testosterone circulate in the blood?

Answer 36

30 minutes to several hours

Question 37

what are the fates of testosterone?

Answer 37

transferred to tissues or degraded to inactive product that are subsequently secreted.

Question 38

Testosterone that enters tissues mostly converted to ________, especially in prostate and in fetal external genitalia

Answer 38

dihydrotestosterone

Question 39

What is non-fixed testosterone converted to? where does this occur

Answer 39

androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in the liver

Question 40

What is non-fixed testosterone converted to? where does this occur

Answer 40

androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in the liver

Question 41

after conversion of testosterone in the liver, what can it be conjugated to? how is it secreted?

Answer 41

conjugated as either glucuronides or sulfates. Excreted into gut via bile or urine via kidneys

Question 42

What hormone can increase reabsorption of sodium in distal kidney tubules?

Answer 42

testosterone

Question 43

Where does testosterone come from in females?

Answer 43

adrenal glands

Question 44

Where does testosterone come from in females?

Answer 44

adrenal glands

Question 45

what is produced by neurons located in arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus?

Answer 45

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (AKA LH releasing hormone) | a 10-AA peptide

Question 46

how is gonadotropin releasing hormone transported to the anterior pituitary

Answer 46

hypothalamic-hypophyseal system.

Question 47

What does gonadoptropin releasing hormone stimulate?

Answer 47

the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH

Question 48

What is a glycoprotein that activates cAMP second messenger system in target tissue?

Answer 48

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 49

What causes leydig cells to secrete testosterone?

Answer 49

Luteinizing Hormone

Question 50

What effect does testosterone have on hypothalamus

Answer 50

a negative feedback effect.

Question 51

what is secreted by sertoli cells that inhibits secretion of FSH by anterior pituitary?

Answer 51

inhibin | -can also inhibit secretion of GnRH to a lesser extent