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Josh, Phys II > Final: Male Repro > Flashcards

Final: Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the progression of spermatogenesis?

A

Primordial germ cells –> spermatogonia –> primary Spermatocytes –> Secondary spermatocytes —> Spermatids —–> mature sperm

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2
Q

Where are sertoli cells located?

A

within seminiferous tubules.

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3
Q

_____ _______ act as nurse cells (sustentacular cells) that surround primary spermatocytes and get them through the process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.

A

Nurse cells

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4
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A

differentiation of spermatids into mature sperm

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5
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A

differentiation of spermatids into mature sperm

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6
Q

What forms the acrosome

A

proacrosomal nesicles coalesce

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7
Q

what does the acrosome contain?

A

hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes

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8
Q

What does the acrosome cap?

A

the nucleus

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9
Q

What happens to the centrioles during spermiogenesis

A

they migrate to the side of nucleus opposite acrosome.

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10
Q

In spermigenesis what organize the flagellum

A

distal centriole

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11
Q

where do mitochondria locate in spermiogenesis

A

move to base of forming flagellum and wrap around it.

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12
Q

What is the residual body in spermiogenesis

A

excess cytoplasm is sloughed off

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13
Q

Where are sperm cells stored until ejaculation?

A

epididymis

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14
Q

how long does passage through the epididymis take?

A

several days

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15
Q

Where are the cells of leydig found?

A

interstitial spaces in testes

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16
Q

what do the cells of leydig secrete?

A

testosterone

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17
Q

what do the cells of leydig secrete?

A

testosterone

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18
Q

What stimulates the secretion of testosterone in the cells of leydig?

A

luteinizing hormone secreted by anterior pituitary-

-FSH is also necessary for spermatogenesis

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19
Q

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

A

paired, behind prostate.

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20
Q

What is the structure of the seminal vesicles?

A

a loculated tube lined with secretory epithelium

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21
Q

What does the mucoid material secreted by seminal vesicles contain?

A 
Fructose
citric acid
additional nutrients
prostaglandins
fibrinogen
22
Q

during emission and ejaculation contents of seminal vesicles are emptied into?

A

ejaculatory ducts containing sperm.

23
Q

during emission and ejaculation contents of seminal vesicles are emptied into?

A

ejaculatory ducts containing sperm.

24
Q

during emission and ejaculation contents of seminal vesicles are emptied into?

A

ejaculatory ducts containing sperm.

25
Q

what percentage of semen is from seminal vesicles?

A

60% of total volume

26
Q

What is the role of fructose for sperm

A

energy production

27
Q

___________ make cervical mucous more receptive to sperm movement and may cause retro-peristaltic contractions of uterus and fallopian tubes.

A

Prostaglandins

28
Q

What percentage of the semen volume is from the prostate gland?

A

30% of total volume

29
Q

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A

a milky fluid containing calcium, citrate ions phosphate ions, clotting factor, and profibrinolysin

30
Q

How can the prostate gland fluid help to neutralize acidity of other seminal fluids and vaginal secretions of the female?

A

it is slightly alkaline

31
Q

Define Androgens

A

any steroid hormone that has masculinizing effects

32
Q

What are 3 androgens

A

testosterone
dihydrotestosterone
androstenedione

33
Q

Androgens can be synthesized in testes and adrenal glands from what?

A

cholesterol and Acetyl-CoA

34
Q

When is testosterone almost nonexistent

A

during childhood, between newborn and adult

35
Q

97% of testosterone is loosely bound with ________ or tightly bound with ______ _______

A

albumin, beta globulin

36
Q

how long does testosterone circulate in the blood?

A

30 minutes to several hours

37
Q

what are the fates of testosterone?

A

transferred to tissues or degraded to inactive product that are subsequently secreted.

38
Q

Testosterone that enters tissues mostly converted to ________, especially in prostate and in fetal external genitalia

A

dihydrotestosterone

39
Q

What is non-fixed testosterone converted to? where does this occur

A

androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in the liver

40
Q

What is non-fixed testosterone converted to? where does this occur

A

androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in the liver

41
Q

after conversion of testosterone in the liver, what can it be conjugated to? how is it secreted?

A

conjugated as either glucuronides or sulfates. Excreted into gut via bile or urine via kidneys

42
Q

What hormone can increase reabsorption of sodium in distal kidney tubules?

A

testosterone

43
Q

Where does testosterone come from in females?

A

adrenal glands

44
Q

Where does testosterone come from in females?

A

adrenal glands

45
Q

what is produced by neurons located in arcuate nuclei of hypothalamus?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (AKA LH releasing hormone)

a 10-AA peptide

46
Q

how is gonadotropin releasing hormone transported to the anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal system.

47
Q

What does gonadoptropin releasing hormone stimulate?

A

the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH

48
Q

What is a glycoprotein that activates cAMP second messenger system in target tissue?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

49
Q

What causes leydig cells to secrete testosterone?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

50
Q

What effect does testosterone have on hypothalamus

A

a negative feedback effect.

51
Q

what is secreted by sertoli cells that inhibits secretion of FSH by anterior pituitary?

A

inhibin

-can also inhibit secretion of GnRH to a lesser extent

Josh, Phys II (4 decks)

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