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EP 4503: Mechanical Analysis Of Movement > Final (Lectures 11-13; 30 Comprehensive Questions) > Flashcards

Final (Lectures 11-13; 30 Comprehensive Questions) Flashcards

1
Q

The mechanics of materials of human connective tissue

A

Tissue mechanics

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2
Q

Components of tissue mechanics

A

Bones
Ligaments
Cartilage
Tendons

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3
Q

An externally applied force

A

Load

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4
Q

An objects response to load is determined by 7 things

A
  1. Magnitude
  2. Location
  3. Direction
  4. Duration
  5. Frequency
  6. Variability
  7. Rate
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5
Q

A load that squeezes the parts of the body together

A

Compression

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6
Q

A load that pulls the parts of a body apart

A

Tension

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7
Q

A load applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a body causing it to curve

A

Bending

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8
Q

Three-point bending

A

Three forces applied which create two moments

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9
Q

Four-point bending

A

Four forces applied

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10
Q

The three factors determining the effect of bending on a body

A
  1. Cross-section area
  2. Distribution of the material around a neutral axis
  3. Length of the body
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11
Q

A measure of a body’s resistance to bending

A

Area moment of inertia

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12
Q

A combination of the cross-sectional area and the distribution of material around a neutral axis

A

Area moment of inertia

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13
Q

A load that causes one part of a body to move parallel past another part

A

Shear loading

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14
Q

Forces are directed towards each other; just not along the same line

A

Shear loading

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15
Q

An example of shear loading

A

Cutting paper

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16
Q

The type of loading that exists when there is a twist around the neutral axis

A

Torsion

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17
Q

In this type of loading, a body is twisted around an axis

A

Torsion

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18
Q

In this type of loading, the body is subjected to two or more types of loading

A

Torsion

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19
Q

This type of loading depends on the distribution of the material

A

Torsion

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20
Q

This tells you how the material that makes up the body will respond to loading

A

Material properties

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21
Q

This tells you how the body as a whole responds to loading

A

Mechanical properties

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22
Q

The 4 Components of mechanical properties

A

Strength
Deformation
Stiffness
Toughness

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23
Q

The amount of loading an object can withstand before failure

A

Strength

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24
Q

A change in dimensions of a body

A

Deformation

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25
Q

Determined as a change in length

A

Axial load

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26
Q

A characterization of an object that can undergo very small deformations

A

Brittle

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27
Q

A characterization of an object that can undergo very large deformations

A

Ductile

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28
Q

Example of a brittle object

A

Glass

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29
Q

Example of a ductile object

A

Gum

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30
Q

A deformation in which the object returns to its original dimensions

A

Elastic deformation

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31
Q

A deformation in which the object does not return to its original dimensions after deformation

A

Plastic deformation

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32
Q

Example of an elastic deformation

A

Rubber bands

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33
Q

Example of a plastic deformation

A

Plastic holding a six-pack of soda together

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34
Q

The amount of deformation that marks the transition from elastic to plastic deformations

A

Yield point

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35
Q

A deformation beyond this point results in permanent damage and microtearing

A

Yield point

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36
Q

The ratio of change in load to change in deformation

Change in load/change in deformation

A

Stiffness

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37
Q

The ratio of the change in deformation over the change in load

Change in deformation/change in load

A

Compliance

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38
Q

The amount of energy absorbed by the body as a result of deformation

A

Strain energy

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39
Q

The amount of energy that can be absorbed by a body before failure

A

Toughness

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40
Q

The way a force is distributed within a body

A

Stress

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41
Q

The change in dimension normalized to the original dimension

A

Strain

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42
Q

The ratio of stress to strain, or Young’s Modulus

A

Elastic modulus

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43
Q

Relative amount of energy stored by the material

A

Strain energy density

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44
Q

A decrease in stress when the strain is held constant for a given period of time

A

Stress relaxation

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45
Q

An increase in strain when stress is held constant for a period of time

A

Creep

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46
Q

A fluid is both absorbed by the articulating surfaces and placed between them

A

Lubrication

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47
Q

The lubricating fluid prevents direct surface-to-surface contact

A

Boundary lubrication

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48
Q

Movement increases the amount of fluid between articulating surfaces, thus increasing their separation

A

Fluid film lubrication

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49
Q

3 types of fluid film lubrication

A

Squeeze film lubrication
Hydrodynamic lubrication
Elastohydrodynamic lubrication

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50
Q

Surface material is deformed and removed by frictional forces

A

Wear

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51
Q

Wear that occurs when two surfaces come in direct contact

A

Interfacial wear

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52
Q

Types of interfacial wear

A

Adhesion wear

Abrasion wear

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53
Q

Wear that is the result of microdamage

A

Fatigue wear

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54
Q

A breaking apart of material

A

Material failure

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55
Q

Maximum stress exceeds the ultimate stress

A

Material failure

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56
Q

Strain exceeds the maximum strain

A

Material failure

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57
Q

When energy is entering more quickly than it is leaving,

A

It forms or propagates a crack in the material

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58
Q

Components of the model of injury

A

Failure tolerance
Actual stress
Margin of safety

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59
Q

The stress level above which failure will occur

A

Failure tolerance

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60
Q

How much stress the body is subjected to

A

Actual stress

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61
Q

The difference between the failure tolerance and the actual stress applied to a body

A

Margin of safety

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62
Q

An injury that happens immediately

A

Acute injury

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63
Q

An injury that develops over time

A

Chronic injury

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64
Q

A single external load creates enough stress that it exceeds the failure tolerance of the tissue

A

Acute injury

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65
Q

Outer layer of bone
Solid and dense
“Compact”

A

Cortical bone

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66
Q

Inner layer of bone
Less organized and random
“Spongy” “Cancellous”

A

Trabecular bone

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67
Q

The total amount of mineral in bone

A

Bone mineral content

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68
Q

The mineral content in an area or volume of bone

A

Bone mineral density

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69
Q

The overall strength of bone is not only determined by an increase in bone density, but also by where that bone is placed

A

Wolfe’s Law

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70
Q

Exhibits different properties when measured in different directions
Allows for stiffness and brittleness

A

Anisotropic

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71
Q

The breaking of a bone

A

Fracture

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72
Q

Lower than normal bone mineral density

A

Osteopenia

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73
Q

Severe decrease in bone mineral density

A

Osteoporosis

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74
Q

Bone health has an inverse relationship with

A

Age and disuse

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75
Q

Bone health has a direct relationship with

A

Weight bearing exercise

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76
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Articulate (hyaline) cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage

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77
Q

Covers the articular surface of bones

A

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

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78
Q

Has a specialized role

A

Fibrocartilage

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79
Q

Found in external ear, parts of the nose, and other places

A

Elastic cartilage

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80
Q

Function of articular cartilage

A

Distributes load transmitted across the joint, which decreases the stress on joint surfaces.

Allows for relative movement of two opposing joints surfaces with minimal wear and tear by decreasing friction.

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81
Q

Mechanics of articular cartilage

A

Primarily loaded under compression
Lubricates the joints
Is permeable

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82
Q

2 components of articular cartilage that allow it to be loaded under compression

A

Solid

Liquid

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83
Q

The progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage and the bone deep to it

A

Osteoarthritis

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84
Q

Cartilage decreases in thickness and becomes more rough

A

Osteoarthritis

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85
Q

Cause of osteoarthritis

A

Unknown

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86
Q

Risk factors of osteoarthritis (5)

A
  1. Aging
  2. Weakness
  3. Obesity
  4. Malalignment
  5. Injury
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87
Q

Function and structure of ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone
Restrict certain movements
Guide certain movements

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88
Q

Generally resist tensile loads in one direction, but offer little resistance to compressive loads

A

Ligaments

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89
Q

An injury to a ligament that occurs when it is stretched beyond its capacity

Usually occurs when a ligament is forcibly wrapped around a part of a bone

A

Sprain

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90
Q

Less is known about the mechanics of these tissues in comparison to other tissues

A

Ligaments

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91
Q

Muscles can only control movement by transmitting force through

A

Passive components (tendons) to the skeletal segments

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92
Q

The only action muscles can perform

A

Muscles can only pull

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93
Q

How does force work in the muscle-tendon complex?

A

Force works to bring two insertion points closer together.

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94
Q

Muscles can act as

A

A motor, brake, spring, or strut

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95
Q

An action in which the muscle-tendon complex develops greater torque than the external torque acting on it and shortens.

A

Concentric action

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96
Q

Torque and displacement are in the same direction; MTC is doing positive work and increasing the energy of the skeletal system

A

Concentric action

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97
Q

An action in which the MTC develops less torque than the external torque acting on it and lengthens

A

Eccentric action

98
Q

Torque and displacement are in the opposite direction; MTC is doing negative work and decreasing the energy of the skeletal system

A

Eccentric action

99
Q

A concentric action immediately after an eccentric action

A

Stretch-shortening cycle

100
Q

Energy stored during the eccentric action contributed to the movement during the concentric action

A

Stretch-shortening cycle

101
Q

An action in which the MTC develops less torque than the external torque acting on it and lengthens

A

Eccentric action

102
Q

Torque and displacement are in the opposite direction; MTC is doing negative work and decreasing the energy of the skeletal system

A

Eccentric action

103
Q

A concentric action immediately after an eccentric action

A

Stretch-shortening cycle

104
Q

Energy stored during the eccentric action contributed to the movement during the concentric action

A

Stretch-shortening cycle

105
Q

An action in which the MTC develops a torque that is equal to the external torque acting on it and does not change length

A

Isometric action

106
Q

There is no displacement; the MTC is doing no work; the energy of the skeletal system remains unchanged

A

Isometric action

107
Q

Determines both the force producing capabilities and operating range of a muscle

A

Muscle architecture

108
Q

Refers to his fibers are arranged relative to the vector of force generalization

Can be parallel or penate

A

Muscle architecture

109
Q

One of the passive elements in the MTC

A

Tendons

110
Q

Are not straight; have a natural crimp or waviness

A

Type 1 Collagen

111
Q

Arrange more like sheets

Converge at ends of the muscle bellies to form tendons

A

Fascia

112
Q

Have both elastic and viscous properties

A

Viscoelastic

113
Q

The primary components of tendon structure

A

Type 1 collagen

Fascia

114
Q

Structural property of tendons

A

Viscoelastic

115
Q

Tendons act similar to

A

Rubber bands

116
Q

A resistance to change in deformation

A

Stiffness

117
Q

The opposite of stiffness

A

Compliance

118
Q

Stiffer materials require more ____ to achieve the same amount if deformation

A

Force

119
Q

The total force produced in a tendon

A

Sum of the viscous and elastic properties

120
Q

Energy is being stored when the tendon is

A

Lengthening

121
Q

Energy is being released when the tendon is

A

Shortening

122
Q

Equals the anatomical cross-sectional area for a parallel muscle arrangement

A

Physiological cross-sectional area

123
Q

An increase in the number of muscle fibers

A

Hyperplasia

124
Q

An increase in the size of muscle fibers

A

Hypertrophy

125
Q

The action of the MTC determines

A

the amount of force it produces

126
Q

___ produces more force than ___.

A

Eccentric, concentric

127
Q

Why does eccentric action produce more force?

A

Muscle fibers are attempting to act isometrically as the tendons lengthen.

128
Q

The amount of force that can be produced per cross-sectional area

A

Specific tension

129
Q

A motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit

130
Q

Muscle recruitment is governed by two principles

A

All or none principle

Size principle

131
Q

An action potential does not directly excite muscle fibers, but does so through chemical processes.
If the action potential is strong enough, all the fibers innervated by that nerve will contract.

A

All or none principle

132
Q

The all or none principle is similar to

A

firing a gun

133
Q

Motor units are recruited in an orderly process from the smallest to largest.

A

Size principle

134
Q

Which type of muscle is recruited first?

A

Type I

135
Q

Type II muscle fibers are recruited as

A

more force is needed.

136
Q

Force output is changed by either

A

Increasing the firing frequency, or

Activating more motor units

137
Q

The time between onset of electrical activity at the muscle and production of measurable force

A

Electrochemical delay

138
Q

Why does the electrochemical delay happen?

A

It provides:

Time needed for chemical processes
Time needed for cross-bridge formation, and
Time needed to take up the slack in the tendon.

139
Q

Many activities occur in ___ time than it takes to develop the ___ amount of force.

A

less, maximum

140
Q

The stretch shortening cycle

A

A well timed pre-activation of the muscle prior to the eccentric action
A short rapid eccentric action
An immediate transition from the eccentric action to the concentric action

141
Q

Any reduction in force-generating capacity of the total neuromuscular system, regardless of the force required in any given situation.

A

Fatigue

142
Q

The inability to continue or complete a desired action

A

Task failure

143
Q

Occurs because one or several of the physiological processes involved in force production of the contractile proteins become impaired

A

Fatigue

144
Q

Can occur in many potential sites within the neuromuscular system

A

Fatigue

145
Q

The force-producing capabilities of the MTC decrease with

A

aging and disuse

146
Q

A decrease in the physiological cross-sectional area

A

Atrophy

147
Q

Age-related decrease in muscle mass

A

Sarcopenia

148
Q

How is the tendon affected by aging and disuse?

A

Rapid decrease in stiffness and elastic modulus

Decrease in cross-sectional area

149
Q

How does heavy resistance training alter all the factors in the MTC?

A

Increases physiological cross-sectional area
Increases number of sarcomeres in a series
Increases force production (by improving recruitment and changing specific tension)

150
Q

Injury to a muscle

A

Strain

151
Q

Injury to a ligament

A

Sprain

152
Q

The mechanics that result in an injury

A

Mechanopathology

153
Q

The mechanics that are a result of an injury

A

Pathomechanics

154
Q

It is accepted that strains are a result of

A

both a stretch and load placed on the muscle.

155
Q

Strains occur during

A

eccentric muscle actions due to both excessive stress and mechanical strain.

156
Q

The mechanopathology of this tissue is very poorly understood.

A

Tendon mechanopathology

157
Q

Which undergoes greater strain: muscles or tendons?

A

Tendons

158
Q

Repetitive straining can lead to

A

degenerative changes, which can lead to rupture

159
Q

Has the ability to regenerate

A

Muscle

160
Q

When muscle regenerates, it is sometimes replaced with scar tissue. What does scar tissue do in muscle?

A

It decreases optimal length, decreases range of motion, and leads to high incidence of reinjury.

161
Q

Alters both mechanical and material properties

A

Tendon

162
Q

How does tendon alter mechanical and material properties?

A

Tendon increases cross-sectional area by decreasing stiffness and Young’s Modulus.

163
Q

Occurs in a plane about an axis that is perpendicular to that plane.

A

Rotations

164
Q

The plane of movement will not be coincident with any of the cardinal planes if

A

the axis is oblique.

165
Q

Reference frames are attached locally to bone so that

A

problems with a global reference frame are avoided.

166
Q

Rotations of bones

A

Osteokinematic Motion

167
Q

Motions at the joint

A

Arthrokinematic Motion

168
Q

The amount of rotation, measured in degrees available at a joint.

A

Range of motion

169
Q

An angle between the long axis of the bone and some reference line

A

Segment angle

170
Q

The angle between the long axis of the bone and some reference line in the global reference frame

A

Absolute

171
Q

The orientation of one bone is measured relative to the orientation of another bone

A

Relative

172
Q

The number of movements available

A

Degrees of freedom

173
Q

1 degree of freedom

A

A movement in two directions (i.e.: flexion and extension)

174
Q

Gliding joints

A

0 rotational degrees of freedom

No axis of rotation

175
Q

Hinge joints

A

1 rotation degree of freedom

1 axis of rotation

176
Q

Pivot joints

A

1 rotational degree of freedom

1 axis of rotation

177
Q

Condyloid joints

A

2 degrees of freedom

2 axis of rotation

178
Q

Saddle joints

A

2 degrees of freedom

2 axis of rotation

179
Q

Spherical (ball and socket) joints

A

3 degrees of freedom

0 Axis of rotation

180
Q

Examples of hinge joints

A

Ankle
Elbow
Interphalangeal joints

181
Q

Examples of pivot joints

A

Proximal radioulnar joint

182
Q

Examples of condyloid joints

A

Wrist (radialcarpal joint)

183
Q

Examples of saddle joints

A

First carpometacarpal joint

184
Q

Examples of spherical (ball and socket) joints

A

Hip (glenohumeral joint)

185
Q

What is the purpose of manual therapy?

A

Breaks up adhesions and scar tissue to improve movement and range of motion at the joint.

186
Q

3 types of arthrokinematic motion

A
  1. Gliding (sliding) - pure translation
  2. Spinning - pure rotation
  3. Rolling - combo of gliding and spinning
187
Q

3 effects of the force produced by the MTC

A
  1. Compression or distraction of the joint
  2. Shear across the joint
  3. Rotation of the joint
188
Q

This component causes rotation or shear

A

Perpendicular component

189
Q

This component causes compression and distraction

A

Parallel component

190
Q

This determines the amount of torque produced by an MTC

A
  1. The amount of force produced

2. Moment arm

191
Q

The MTC moment arm is determined by

A
  1. The length from the axis of rotation to the insertion point.
  2. The direction of the line of pull.
192
Q

2 factors that determine the direction of the line of pull

A
  1. The sense

2. The angle of pull from the long axis of the bone

193
Q

The sense

A

Direction of pull

194
Q

Which part of the moment arm has a more profound effect: the length or the angle?

A

The length

195
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

A body will remain at rest or continue to move with a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an outside force.

196
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

Acceleration is caused by a net force and is proportional to the magnitude of the force, and in the direction of the force.

197
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

For every force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.

198
Q

Formula for Newton’s Second Law

A

Force = (mass)(acceleration)

199
Q

Formula for Impulse

A

Impulse = (force)(time)

200
Q

Impulse is basically the same as

A

Momentum

201
Q

The product of average force and the time that force is applied.
Equal to the change in momentum

A

Impulse

202
Q

A resistance to change in motion, specifically resistance to change in a body’s velocity.

A

Inertia

203
Q

A resistance to change in velocity of a moving body

A

Momentum

204
Q

Formula for Momentum

A

Momentum = (mass)(linear velocity)

205
Q

The amount of matter in an object

A

Mass

206
Q

The angular equivalent of mass

A

Moment of inertia

207
Q

Gives an indication of how difficult it will be to rotate an object

A

Moment of inertia

208
Q

Formula for moment of inertia

A

Moment of inertia = (mass)(distance from the COM to the axis of rotation)^2
I=MK^2

209
Q

Formula for angular momentum

A

Angular momentum = MK^2 x angular velocity

210
Q

A push or pull by one body on another

A

Force

211
Q

The turning effect of a force

A

Torque

212
Q

Moment of force

A

Torque

213
Q

Formula for torque

A

Torque = (lever arm)(perpendicular force)

214
Q

Formula for work

A

Work = (force)(distance)

215
Q

4 functions of a lever

A
  1. Balance 2 or more forces
  2. Change direction of the applied force
  3. Favor speed and range of motion
  4. Favor force production
216
Q

A rigid body that is used in conjunction with a pivot point to multiply the force or speed applied to another body

A

Lever

217
Q

5 components of a lever

A
  1. Applied force
  2. Force moment arm
  3. Axis of rotation
  4. Resistance force
  5. Resistance moment arm
218
Q

Levers are classified by

A

the force, the axis, and the resistance.

219
Q

First class lever

A

F-A-R

220
Q

First class lever favors

A

All four functions of a machine

221
Q

Example of first class lever

A

Neck extension

Elbow extension

222
Q

Second class lever

A

A-R-F

223
Q

Second class lever favors

A

force production

224
Q

Examples of second class levers

A

Push ups

Toe raise

225
Q

Third class lever

A

A-F-R

226
Q

Third class levers favor

A

resistance and speed and ROM

227
Q

Examples of third class levers

A

Elbow flexion

228
Q

The state of matter that makes things change, or has the potential to make things change

A

Energy

229
Q

The 5 types of energy

A
  1. Nuclear
  2. Chemical
  3. Electromagnetic
  4. Acoustic
  5. Mechanical
230
Q

Energy due to motion

A

Kinetic energy

231
Q

Energy due to position or deformation

A

Potential energy

232
Q

Energy due to deformation

A

Strain potential energy

233
Q

Potential energy due to position

A

Gravitational potential energy

234
Q

The process of changing the amount of energy in a system.

Can only occur if there is displacement

A

Work

235
Q

The time rate of doing work.

How quickly energy is entering or leaving a system.

A

Power

236
Q

Formula for power

A

Power = work/change in time

237
Q

How far a body has traveled

A

Distance

238
Q

A change in position

A

Displacement

239
Q

How fast a body is moving in a particular direction

A

Velocity

240
Q

The time rate of change in position

A

Velocity

241
Q

Change in velocity/change in time

A

Acceleration

242
Q

Formula for kinetic energy

A

KE = 1/2(m)(v^2)

EP 4503: Mechanical Analysis Of Movement (2 decks)

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