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EP 4503: Mechanical Analysis Of Movement > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Newton’s First Law

A

A body will remain at rest or continue to move with a constant speed in a straight line unless acted upon by an outside force.

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2
Q

Outside forces

A

Any forces that are external and will change the momentum of a system.

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3
Q

A push or pull by one body on another

A

Force

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4
Q

Newton’s Second Law

A

Acceleration is caused by a net force and is proportional to the magnitude of the force, and in the direction of the force.

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5
Q

A force that is causing a body to speed up

A

Propulsive force

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6
Q

This force is positive in the positive direction and negative in the negative direction.

A

Propulsive force

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7
Q

A force that is causing a body to slow down.

A

Braking force

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8
Q

This force is negative in the positive direction and positive in the negative direction.

A

Braking force

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9
Q

The force on a body due to gravity

A

Weight

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10
Q

Formula for weight

A

Weight = (mass)(acceleration of gravity)

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11
Q

Acceleration of gravity

A

-9.81 m/s^2

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12
Q

How many newtons in a pound?

A

1 lb. = 4.45 N

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13
Q

How many newtons in a kilogram-meter/second^2

A

1 N = 1 kgm/s^2

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14
Q

The cause of acceleration

A

A net (effective) force

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15
Q

Newton’s Third Law

A

For every force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.

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16
Q

The force created when two bodies are touching each other.

A

Contact force

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17
Q

A force of equal in magnitude and opposite in direction of the initial force.

A

Reaction force

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18
Q

The equal and opposite force that the ground applies back on a person.

A

Ground reaction force

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19
Q

This opposes motion between two objects in contact.

A

Friction

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20
Q

Will always be parallel to the contact area.

A

Friction

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21
Q

Caused by irregularities in the surfaces between two objects.

A

Friction

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22
Q

Are always acting in different bodies.

A

The force and reaction forces.

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23
Q

Formula for Newton’s Second Law

A

Force = (mass)(acceleration)

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24
Q

The product of average force and the time that the force is applied.

A

Impulse

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25
Q

Equal to the change in momentum

A

Impulse

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26
Q

How can a force be effective?

A

To be effective, a force has to be applied over time (or over a distance).

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27
Q

Formula for impulse

A

Impulse = (force)(time)

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28
Q

RFD

A

Rate of force development

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29
Q

RFF

A

Rate of force fatigue

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30
Q

Is impulse equal to momentum?

A

Yes

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31
Q

Variables to decrease the need for an effective force

A

Mass
Initial velocity
Final velocity
Time

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32
Q

The amount of impulse that can be generated relative to body mass

A

Relative impulse

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33
Q

Angular equivalent of Newton’s First Law.

A

Angular momentum of a system will not change unless acted upon by an outside force.

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34
Q

The turning effect of a force

A

Torque

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35
Q

Synonymous with torque

A

Moment of force (moment)

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36
Q

Formula for torque

A

(Lever arm)(perpendicular force) = torque

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37
Q

Distance from the axis of rotation to the point of force application

A

Lever arm

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38
Q

Perpendicular distance from the force vector to the axis of rotation

A

Moment arm

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39
Q

Formula for moment arm

A

(Force)(perpendicular distance) = torque

40
Q

A torque that is increasing the speed of rotation

A

Propulsive torque

41
Q

A torque that is decreasing the speed of rotation

A

Braking torque

42
Q

This torque will not always be in the same direction as the motion of the body.

A

Muscular torque

43
Q

The effect of the net sum of all torque vectors acting on a body

A

Net (effective) torque

44
Q

A rigid body that is used in conjunction with a pivot point to multiply the force or speed applied to another body

A

Lever

45
Q

Four components of a lever

A

Pivot point (fulcrum)
Rigid body
2 forces

46
Q

How do levers work as force multipliers?

A

The force further away has a mechanical advantage over a closer force. Thus it creates greater torque for the same amount of force.

47
Q

The four functions of a lever

A
  1. Balance two or more forces.
  2. Change the direction of the applied force.
  3. Favor speed and range of motion.
  4. Favor force production.
48
Q

Components of levers

A
  1. Applied (motive) force
  2. Force moment arm
  3. Axis of rotation
  4. Resistance force
  5. Resistance moment arm
49
Q

The components used to classify a lever

A

Force (F)
Axis of rotation (A)
Resistance (R)

50
Q

Arrangement of a first class lever

A

F-A-R or R-A-F

51
Q

The most versatile lever: can be manipulated to serve all four functions.

A

First class lever

52
Q

Examples of first class levers in the body

A

Neck extension

Elbow extension

53
Q

Arrangement of a second class lever

A

A-R-F

54
Q

Examples of second class levers in the body

A

Push-up

Toe raise

55
Q

Arrangement of a third class lever

A

A-F-R

56
Q

Examples of third class levers in the body

A

Elbow flexion

57
Q

Each component of a force has the potential to produce both a

A

Linear and angular acceleration

58
Q

Two forces equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and in the same plane.

A

Force couple

59
Q

Produced pure rotation with no translation

A

Force couple

60
Q

Examples of a force couple in the body

A

Pelvic girdle rotation

61
Q

Maximizing angular velocity would

A

Improve performance

62
Q

Decreasing the average torque would

A

Minimize injury risk

63
Q

A resistance that increases with the amount of force or torque applied to it.

A

Accommodating resistance

64
Q

Maintains constant angular velocity no matter the torque

A

Isokinetic dynamometers

65
Q

Examples accommodating resistance

A

Flywheels

Isokinetic dynamometers

66
Q

When linear and angular accelerations are zero, and the sum of the external forces and torques are zero

A

Static equilibrium

67
Q

How many forces and torques involved in holding an object

A

11 forces

10 torques

68
Q

The state of matter that makes things change or has the potential to make things change

A

Energy

69
Q

Types of energy

A 
Nuclear
Chemical
Electromagnetic 
Acoustic
Mechanical
70
Q

The state that characterizes a body or system

A

Energy

71
Q

The energy that a body has due to motion

A

Kinetic energy

72
Q

The energy a body has that has the potential to change something

A

Potential energy

73
Q

The energy a body has due to its deformation

A

Strain potential energy

74
Q

The potential energy a body has due to its position

A

Gravitational potential energy

75
Q

Conservation of energy

A

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one state into another or transferred into or out of s system.

76
Q

Formula for work

A

Work = (force)(distance)

77
Q

The process of changing the amount of energy in a system

A

Work

78
Q

Energy is entering the system

A

Positive work

79
Q

Energy is leaving the system

A

Negative work

80
Q

Torque does the work, not force. Potential energy would still increase

A

Angular work

81
Q

Lower energy requirement for the same amount of work

A

More economical movement

82
Q

The amount of energy required to perform a certain amount of work

A

Economy

83
Q

Acts like an inverted pendulum

A

Walking

84
Q

Modeled as mass on top of a spring

A

Running

85
Q

The time rate of doing work

A

Power

86
Q

How much force can be produced while moving quickly

A

Power

87
Q

Formula for momentum

A

Momentum = (mass)(velocity)

88
Q

A collision where two objects bounce off each other without deformation of loss of heat

A

Elastic collision

89
Q

A collision where two objects stick together after they collide

A

Inelastic collision

90
Q

Energy conserved in elastic collision

A

Kinetic energy

91
Q

Energy conserved in inelastic collision

A

Not kinetic energy

92
Q

The object’s relative velocity remains the same in

A

Perfect elastic collisions

93
Q

The portion of a body’s mass that is involved with a collision

A

Effective mass

94
Q

Formula for power

A

Power = work/time

95
Q

Unit for work

A

Joules

96
Q

Formula for kinetic energy

A

Kinetic energy = 1/2(mass)(velocity^2)

97
Q

Formula for potential energy

A

Potential energ = (mass)(gravity)(height)

EP 4503: Mechanical Analysis Of Movement (2 decks)

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