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CYTO > FINAL LEC 4: Reproductive Technologies > Flashcards

FINAL LEC 4: Reproductive Technologies Flashcards

1
Q

-When the savior child is born, its umbilical cord blood can be saved as a source of stem cells for the patient inneed ofa transplant
➔ First case: Led to the birth of_____

A

SAVIOR SIBLING, Adam Nash

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2
Q

Inability to conceive a child after a year of frequent sexual intercoursewithout the use of contraceptives

A

INFERTILITY

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3
Q

➔ Delay in conceiving
➔ The possibility of conceiving naturally exists, but exists, but takes longer than average

A

SUBFERTILITY

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4
Q

➔ Start at menopause (_____), only a thousand or so oocytes remain inher ovaries
➔ Incidence of pregnancy-related problems rises with maternal age, including chromosomal anomalies, fetal deaths, premature births, & low birth-weight babies

A

AS WOMAN AGES, FERTILITY DECLINES, Age 51

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5
Q

➔ Are at increased risk of having children who develop autism& schizophrenia
➔ Spermmotility declines with age of the man

A

OLDER MEN

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6
Q

➔ Condition in which a man has a low sperm count (fewer than the average 15-200 million spermcells permLof ejaculate
➔ Causes: hormonal imbalance; man’s IgA antibodies that cover the sperm; varicose vein in the scrotum

A

OLIGOSPERMIA

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7
Q

Condition in which there’s no measurable spermin aman’s ejaculate (semen)

A

AZOOSPERMIA

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8
Q

➔ ⅓ of infertile man have small deletions of the Y chromosome that remove the only copies of key genes whose products control spermatogenesis
➔ Mutations in genes that encode androgen receptors or protein fertility hormones, or that regulate sperm development or motility.
● To speed conception, amanwith lowspermcount can donate several semen samples over a period ofweeks at a fertility clinic.
● Men with spinal cord injury can use a vibrating device applied to the tip of the penis or inserted into the rectum
● Spermquality ismore important than quantity

A

GENETIC CAUSES

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9
Q

Cause: abnormalities in any part of the reproductive system

A

FEMALE INFERTILITY

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10
Q

tumor in the ovary or in the pituitary gland in the brain, underactive thyroid gland, or use of steroid-based drugs (cortisone)

A

Hormonal imbalance

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11
Q

➔ Too fewoocytes
➔ Signs: ovary with too few follicles (observed on an ultrasound scan) or elevated levels of follicle-stimulating hormone in the 3rd day of themenstrual cycle

A

Reduced ovarian reserve

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12
Q

➔ Prevent spermfromreaching an oocyte
➔ Entrap a fertilized ovum
➔ Tubal or ectopic pregnancy
➔ Can be opened by surgery

A

Uterine tubes blockage

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13
Q

➔ Fibrosis
➔ Endometriosis

A

Excess tissue growing in the uterine lining

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14
Q

➔ CERVICAL MUCUS (due to infection) can entrap sperm
➔ VAGINAL SECRETIONS - may be so acidic or alkaline
➔ Too littlemucus can prevent conception
➔ Mucus in a woman’s body sometimes has antibodies that attack sperm

A

Secretions in vagina & cervix

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15
Q

can entrap sperm

A

CERVICAL MUCUS (due to infection)

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16
Q

may be so acidic or alkaline

A

VAGINAL SECRETIONS

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17
Q

They can tell when they are most fertile by suing an OVULATION PREDICTOR TEST which detects a peak in the level of luteinizing hormone. T OR F

A

TRUE

18
Q

Older way to detect onset evaluation is to record body temperature each morning using digital thermometer with subdivisions of hundredths of a degree Fahrenheit > indicate 0.4-0.6 rise in temperaturewhen ovulation starts. T OR F

A

True

19
Q

Sperm can survive in a women’s body for up to ____, but the oocyte is only viable for____ after ovulation.

A

5 days, 24-48 hours

20
Q

➔ Can stimulate ovulation, but can also causewomen to “superovulate”

A

FERTILITY DRUGS

21
Q

commonly used drug, raises the chance ofhaving twins from1-2% to 4-6%

A

CLOMIPHENE

22
Q

If a woman’s ovaries are completely inactive or absent (due to a birth defect or surgery)

A

Can become pregnant only is she uses a donor oocyte

23
Q

★ SPERM COUNT
★ SPERMMOTILITY ★ SPERMMORPHOLOGY
(performed by urologists)
★ Y chromosome deletions
oligospermia - genetic counselor
★ Unidentified cause of infertility - gynecologist checks the thewoman to see that reproductive organs are present &functioning

A

INFERTILITY TESTS (MEN)

24
Q

Detects the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs before ovulation

A

OVULATION TESTING

25
Q

Detects abnormalities in the uterine cavity

A

HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY

26
Q

Determines the quality and quantity of eggs available for ovulation

A

OVARIAN RESERVE TESTING

27
Q

IMAGING TESTS

uterine/fallopian tube disease

A

PELVIC
ULTRASOUND

28
Q

IMAGING TESTS

used to see details inside the uterus that can’t be seen on a regular ultrasound

A

SONOHYSTEROGRAM (saline infusion sonogram)

29
Q

IMAGING TESTS

Involves collecting cells fromyour cervix

A

PAP SMEAR

30
Q

IMAGING TESTS

Check levels of ovulatory hormones as well as thyroid and pituitary hormones

A

OTHER HORMONE TESTING

31
Q

IMAGING TESTS

May identify endometriosis, scarring, blockages or irregularities of the fallopian tubes, and problems with the ovaries and uterus

A

LAPAROSCOPY

32
Q

Helps determine whether there’s a genetic defect causing infertility

A

GENETIC TESTING

33
Q

Procedures that replace a gamete or provide a uterus to help peoplewith fertility problems have children
➔ Can be performed onmaterial from: ★ The parents-to-be (“nondonor”)
★ Donors
★ May be”fresh” (collected just prior to the procedure)
★ “Frozen” (preserved in liquidnitrogen)
➔ Man can be a genetic parent
★ Contributing half of his genetic self in his sperm
➔ Woman can be both
★ Genetic parent - donating oocyte ★ Gestational parent - loaning her uterus

A

ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)

34
Q

➔ Oldest ART (artificial insemination), a doctor places a donated sperm into a woman’s cervix or uterus
➔ A woman might seek IUI using donor sperm:
➢ Her partner is infertile or has a mutation that the couple wishes to avoid passing to their child
➢ To be a single parent without having sex
➢ Lesbian couple to have a child

A

Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

35
Q

➔ Surrogate mother agrees to bear a child for another womanwho is incapable to conceive herself by being inseminatedwith theman’s sperm
➔ Both genetic&gestationalmother ➔ Surrogate mother lends only her uterus, receiving a fertilized ovum conceived from a man & a woman who has healthy ovaries, but lack a functional uterus
➔ “Embryo transfer to a host uterus” ➔ “Gestational-nly surrogatemother

A

Surrogate Motherhood

36
Q

➔ “Fertilization in glass”, sperm&oocytes join in a laboratory dish
➔ A woman might undergo IVF if her ovaries & uterus work but her uterine tubes are blocked
➔ Chances of a live birth following IVF: 20-35%per cycle
➔ Factors that lower the likelihood of success: ★ Maternal age ★ Increased time being fertile ★ Number of previous and failed IVF attempts
★ Use of a woman’s own oocytes rather than a donor’s
★ Infertilitywith a known cause
➔ Embryos resulting from IVF that are not soon implanted in the woman can be frozen in liquid nitrogen (“cryopreserved” or vitrified”) for later use ➢ Cryoprotectant chemicals are used to prevent slats frombuilding up or ice crystals fromdamaging delicate cell parts
➢ Freezing takes free hours; thawing about halfanhour

A

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

37
Q

➔ An infertility treatment that injects a sperm cell nucleus into an oocyte
➔ Helpful formenwho have lowspermcounts ormany abnormal sperm
➔ Makes fatherhood possible for men who cannot ejaculate

A

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

38
Q

➔ Oocytes can be stored (freezing) ➔ Reasons to freeze oocytes: ★ Cancer
treatment (radiation
therapy or chemotherapy) that can harm oocytes & cause early menopause
★ Exposure to toxins or teratogens in theworkplace
★ Disease of the ovaries ★ Premature ovarian failure, which may be due to XO syndrome or fragile X syndrome
★ Ovary removal to prevent ovarian cancer due to a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation
★ Inability to obtain viable sperm on the day of IVF
★ Extra oocytes remain after IVF ★ Donation ★ Delaying motherhood for personal reasons
➔ Oocytes are frozen in liquid nitrogen at temperatures below -40C, when they are at metaphase of the secondmeiotic division
➔ Problems: ★ If the spindle comes apart as the cell freezes, the oocyte may lose a chromosome, which would devastate development
★ Retention of a polar body, leading to a diploid oocyte
➔ To minimize risk of damage to oocytes when freezing ➢ They are first treated with crypto protectants that remove water & prevent ice crystal formation
➔ When the frozen oocytes are to be used ➢ They are slowly warmed & rehydrated by gradually removing the crypto protectants
➔ Frozen oocytes are fertilized in vitro using ICSI because the outermost layer (zona

A

Oocyte Banking (Freezing) and Donation

39
Q

➢ Freezing strips of ovarian tissue that can be stored, thawed, & reimplanted at various sites
➢ The tissue ovulates & the oocytes are collected & fertilized in vitro.

A

Ovarian
tissue
cryopreservation

40
Q

➢ Chosenmethod bywomen who have no oocytes or wish to avoid passing on a mutation
➢ Oocyte donors are
typically younger women & some women become donors when
they
undergo IVF & have “extras”

A

Oocyte donation

41
Q

➔ Often teamed with IVF to detect genetic & chromosomal
abnormalities pregnancy starts
➔ Diagnosis: if it detects a specific gene variant known to be in 1 or both parents-to-be
➔ Screening: it is is used to construct a karyotype, without looking for a specific chromosomal anomaly
➔ “Preimplantation” refers to the fact that the embryo is testes at a stage prior to when it wouldnaturally implant in the uterus
➔ Errors happen when a somatic mutations affects the sampled cells but not the rest of the embryo

A

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

42
Q

➔ ARTs introduce ownership and parentage issues ➔ Another issue: ★ Human genome information is revealing more traits to track & perhaps control in coming generations
★ ARTs operate on molecules & cells, but affect individuals &families

A

ARTs DISASTERS

CYTO (3 decks)

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