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Final/Last exam Flashcards

1
Q

Vaginitis

A

Inflammation of vaginal wall

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2
Q

BV

A

Shift from normal flora. Gray white discharge, malodorous

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3
Q

Fungal

A

Yeast infection, cadida albicans, itching white and thick discharge

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4
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

STI (non symptomatic in men)
Protozoan parasite
Green/yellow frothy discharge

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5
Q

Vaginitis symptoms

A

Change in color/odor/ discharge
pain during intercourse
painful urination
light spoting

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6
Q

PID

A

Acute inflammation due to infection. can involve any URT organs

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7
Q

Salpingitis

A

inflammation of the fallopian tubes

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8
Q

Oophoritis

A

Inflammation of the ovaries

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9
Q

Risk factors of PID

A

<25, multiple sex partners, unprotected sex, douching

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10
Q

Symptoms of PID

A

Can be asymptomatic

Abdominal pain, cervical motion tenderness, adnexal pain, fever, pain/difficult urination, changes in discharge

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11
Q

Bartholin Cyst (Bartholintis)

A

Inflammation of one or both Bartholin gland ducts it is an accumulation of fluid due to injury or bacteria
managed by warm bath and NSAIDs

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12
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse

A

Muscular and fascia tissue loses tone and strength and organs that are found on pelvic floor desend

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13
Q

Clinical manifestation of prolapse

A

Sitting on a ball, backache , heaviness that worsens with standing , dysuria, etc treated with keigels

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14
Q

Follicular cysts

A

Benign ovarian cysts/functional cysts. LH fails to stimulate egg release or follicle never transforms and becomes fluid filled

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15
Q

Normal follical development

A

Normal: Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates oocyte (egg) release from follicle ->follicle transforms into corpus luteum->CL transforms into corpus albicans if no fertilization-> shrinks and goes away

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16
Q

What seperates the upper GI tract

A

Ligament of Trietz comes in a 1/3 of way down duodenum

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17
Q

Hematemesis

A

In the upper GI, if vomit is frank blood then there is an active bleed, if there are coffee grounds it was mixed with gastrin

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18
Q

Melena

A

Can be a bleed of upper and lower GI track stool is black or maroon and tary

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19
Q

Hematochezia

A

Bright red blood per rectum can be lower GI or a massive upper GI

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20
Q

Occult

A

typically asymptomatic

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21
Q

Mallory weiss tear

A

Linear lacerations at gastro esophageal junction that is caused by prolonged vomiting
S/S Hematemesis, ab pain, melena, retching
80-90 resolve on their own

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22
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Dilated submucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus (varicose veins in esophagus)
Liver disease/portal hypertension (pressure from liver backs up into GI vasulature)
S/S asymptomatic massive hematemesis when varices are ruptured

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23
Q

Diverticula

A

Small pouches formed of weakened lower intestingal wall
Risk 40+, smoking obesity, diet
S/S” LLQ pain, fever, tenderness, constipation diabetes, diarrhea

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24
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Varices of the veins in the anus and rectum
Common in preg, obesity low fat diet,
BRB for bleeding

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25
Esophageal obsturction dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing | Strop
26
Intrinsic blockage
Anything that is causing blockage from inside body-- tumor, scar, GERD etc
27
Extrinsic Blockage
Foreign body obstruction
28
Symptoms
Retrosternal pain (breast bone), regurgitation of undigested food, weight loss, vomiting
29
Upper Esophageal Obstruction occurs
2-4 seconds after swallowing
30
Lower esophageal obstruction
Discomfort occuring 10-15 seconds after swallowing
31
Achalasia
Cardiac sphincter it doesnt open and allow food into the stomach and sits in esophages
32
Dysphagia complications
Aspiration pneumonia, malnutrtion, dehydration, choking
33
Esophageal cancer
S/S Difficulty & pain with swallowing, choking on food, hoarseness, coughing endoscopy is diagnostic tool
34
Squamous cell carcinoma for esophageal cancer
upper 2/3s of esophagus in the epithelial lining Risk: male over 50, betel nuts, hot drinks, etc S/S: asymptomatic until advanced, dysphagia is 1st symptom, weight loss, hoarseness Poor prognosis
35
Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
lower 1/3 of esophagus glandular cells transform into intestinal cells Gerd-> Barretts esophagus--> cancer HB, indigestion, dysphagia etc
36
ileus
stop moving bowels (post op, drugs, etc)
37
Herniation
Weakened part of abdominal cavity
38
Adhesion
Scar tissue that forms between two loops of bowl
39
Intussusception
Telescoping of the bowel, bowel slips into itself and obstructs.
40
Intussusception
Telescoping of the bowel, bowel slips into itself and obstructs.
41
Vomitus
Can indicate the location of obstruction
42
Pyloris
Early, profuse vomiting of clear gastic fluid
43
proximate Small intestine
Mild distention, bile stained fluid
44
Lower in small intesting
More pronounced distention , vomitting may not occue or occur later and have fecal material
45
PUD
Chronic mucosal ulceration in stomach or duodenum Imbalance between mucosal defense systems and damaging forces of gastric acid and pepsin,
46
PUD causes
NSAIDS, H. Pylor infection, cancer of stomach, Crohns disease, stress, burns, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
47
Gastric vs Duodenal Ulcers Pain Weight Male/Female
G pain is worse after eating D: relieved with eating (2-5 hours pain starts) G: weight loss D:weight gain G: Women D: Men
48
Hemorrhage
BV damage as ulcer erodes into the muscle of stomach or duodenal wall
49
Perforation
Ulcer erodes completely through the wall, peritonitis
50
GI accessory organs
Salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, pancreas
51
main GI organs
``` Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus ```
52
Mechanical digestion
Chewing swallowing
53
Chemical digestion
Salivary amylase | inactivated by gastric acid, it breaks down carbs from poly to disaccharides
54
Esophagus --upper esophageal sphincter
voluntary control, prevents food from entering trachea
55
Esophagus --lower esophageal sphincter aka cardiac sphincter
Prevents stomach acid contents from refluxing into esophagus
56
4 parts of the stomach
Fundus cardia corpus/body pylorus
57
pyloric sphincter
regulates gastric emptying into the duodenum
58
Capacity of the stomach
1.5 L
59
Functions of stomach
storage, mixing emptying
60
Secretory
exocrine: gastric acid, mucus intrinsic factor, pepsinogen endocrine: gastrin digests proteins/lipids and absorption of water and ions
61
Pepsinogen
Secreted by cheif cells | converted to pepsin my gastric acid and breaks down proteins
62
Intrinsic factors
secreted by parietal cells | glycoprotein that is necessary to absorb vitamin B
63
Gastric acid
produced by autonotmuc NS | and hormones largely contains HCL
64
Gastrin
Stimulates release of gastric acid (juice) aids in gastric motility. induces pancreatic secretions and gallbladder emptying.
65
Small intestine
primary role is to absorb nutrients and minerals
66
Small intestine
primary role is to absorb nutrients and minerals
67
Parts of the small intesting
duodenum
68
Duodenum
ampulla of vater opens to it to supply exocrine enzymes from pancreas, common bile duct supplys bile from gallbladder and liver
69
what does duodenum do
* Chemical breakdown of chyme by enzymes • Regulation of stomach emptying * Mucus secretion
70
Jejunum
absorption of sugars, amino acid, fatty acids
71
Ileium
Absorption of nutrient left from jejunum Absorption of B12 and bile salts Connects to the cecum of the large intestine
72
Small intestine secretions
Mucus, aminopeptidase, enterokinase, amylase
73
Purpose of large intestines
Is approx. 5 ft. long Reabsorb water and minerals Formation and store feces Maintain microbiome Bacterial fermentation Bacterial synthesis of Vitamin K
74
Liver
Largest internal organ, RUQ, two lobes ducts of each join with the cystic duct =common bile duct
75
Functions of liver
Produces bile, immunity, clotting, protein production, detox, metabolizes nutrients
76
Galbladder
store and concentrate bile that isnt being used. Biles main function is to break down fats contracts to secret bile in response to cholecystokinin
77
Pancreas exocrine function
``` Secretion of digestive enzymes • Carbohydrates – pancreatic amylase • Fats – pancreatic lipase (steapsin) • Proteins – trypsin Secretion of bicarbonate • Neutralizes chime in duodenum • Stimulated by secretin ```
78
causes of stomach obstructions
tumors, inflammation from duodenal ulcer , foreign bodies.
79
causes of intestinal obstruction
ileus from post operative bowl changes, foreign bodies, mechanical obstruction
80
zollinger ellison syndrome
gastrin producing tumor of the pancreas leading to chronic acid production, gastritis and ulcers
81
Sensory neurons:
transmit impulses from peripheral sensory receptors to the CNS
82
Association neurons
transmit impulses between neurons and only exist in CNS
83
How are impulses transmitted across the synapse
chemically or electrically
84
EPSPs
excited- depolarized post synaptic potentials
85
IPSPs
Hyperpolarized inhibitory post synaptic potentials
86
Types of neuroglia
Oligodendrocytes astrocytes microglia ependymal
87
Forebrain includes
two cerebral hemispheres, (frontal parietal, temporal, occipital lobes basal ganglia
88
Midbrain
Corpora quadrigemina, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles
89
Hind brain
cerebellum pons and medulla
90
Forebrain
Sulci spaces and Gyri rides Made up of grey matter which integrates, stores, and transmits info white matter is made up of myelinated neurons controls thoughts behaviors memory motor
91
Basal ganglia
lay deep inside cortex and are responsible for control of voluntary movements, cognitive and emotional functions
92
Thalamus, hypothalamus
control many functions including hormone synthesis, temperature regulation
93
Midbrain
connects forebrain and hindbrain involved in controlling eye movements, makes dopamine Cerebral aqueduct passes through
94
Pons
transmits info from cerebellum to brain stem
95
Medulla
controls reflexes such as HR, resp, BP, sneezing coughing, swallowing etc
96
Reticular activating system
essential for wakefulness and attention, control vital functions
97
Spaces
need to review
98
Epidural
b/w dura and skull
99
subdural
b/w dura and arachnoid mater
100
subarachnoid
contains csf; located bw arachnoid and pia mater
101
CSF
is produced by the choroid plexuses in the lat 3, 4, ventricles prevents the brain from tugging on the meninges nerves and BV
102
Spinal cord
protected by the verterbral column, transmits long motor and sensory impulses that orginate in brain
103
PNS structures
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, PNS have ascending, afferent pathways to carry sensory info to CNS and efferent pathway that goes to organs
104
Somatic nervous system
motor and sensory pathways regulate voluntary motor control of skeletal muscle
105
Autonomic NS
Motor and sensory pathyways that reg the bodies internal environment through the involuntary control of organs
106
Testicular torsion
Rotation of the testes the spermatic cord is twisted
107
Prostatis
Inflammation of the prostate due to uti or infection, can be cloudy urine, flu like symptoms
108
Balaritis
When the skin on the glans penis is inflamed, due to smegma build up or hygiene practices
109
Phimosis
When the foreskin of the penis is tight and cannot be retracted over the glans penis. This is normal up to 6 months infection can happen
110
Paraphimosis
the skin is too tight and retracts behind the glans penis | is medical emergency.
111
Urethritis
Caused by inflammation of the urethra likely do to infection or STI, mucus discharge/cloudy urine
112
Varacocele
When the spermatic cord veins get varicosities and the valves don't work as well. Can feel like a bag of worms and can cause sterility
113
priaprism
an unwanted erection for more than 4 hours | medical emergency
114
Chalymidia
Invades/destroys the host cells and causes beefy red mucousa
115
Gonorhea
A STI the causes damage as the body fights infection, wbc and dead cells come out as puss.
116
Syphilis
Infection that is 4 stages 1. primary- painless chancres 2. full body rash and very contagious 3. latent phase- dormant 4. Tertiary phase where psychological/neuro issues occur
117
Chancroid
Pain full, pull thickness loss of the genital skin can be spread through lymph nodes.

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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