Final Lab Exam

Question 1

What is DNA Fingerprinting Used For?

Answer 1

Forensics, Anthropology, Conservation Biology

Question 2

What can DNA be taken from for fingerprinting?

Answer 2

Saliva, Hair follicles, Bodily Fluids, Skin

Question 3

Why is DNA Fingerprinting better than conventional fingerprinting?

Answer 3

DNA can’t be altered, unlike conventional fingerprinting

Question 4

What is a Restriction Enzyme?

Answer 4

A special enzyme used to cut DNA at specific places.

Question 5

Restriction sites are palindromic, which means…

Answer 5

they read the same sequence of bases forwards and backwards on the opposite DNA strand.

Question 6

Which bases pair with which?

Answer 6

G and C, T and A

Question 7

How can DNA fragments be separated?

Answer 7

Agarose gel electrophoresis, which uses an electric current to cause negatively charged DNA molecules to move towards the positive electrode.

Question 8

How do the DNA fragments arrange themselves when separated?

Answer 8

The larger the DNA fragment, the closer to the original well it stays.

Question 9

What is the shape of a DNA strand?

Answer 9

A double helix

Question 10

What bond holds the double helix together?

Answer 10

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 11

What bonds hold the sugar-phosphate backbone in place?

Answer 11

Covalent Bond

Question 12

What is a nucleotide composed of?

Answer 12

sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, and a nitrogen base

Question 13

What are the four nitrogen bases in a nucleotide?

Answer 13

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

Question 14

What is agarose?

Answer 14

A jello-like carbohydrate obtained from seaweed.

Question 15

What kind of membranes do chloroplasts have?

Answer 15

Double membranes

Question 16

What is the photosynthesis equation?

Answer 16

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light > C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Question 17

What is the internal structure of a chloroplast?

Answer 17

Stroma matrix and thylakoid stacks (grana)

Question 18

What is a stack of thylakoids called?

Answer 18

Grana (plural), granum (singular)

Question 19

Which stage of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoids?

Answer 19

Light dependent

Question 20

Which stage of photosynthesis occurs in the stroma?

Answer 20

Calvin Cycle (light independent)

Question 21

What is a stoma?

Answer 21

A pore-like opening in the leaf epidermis surrounded by guard cells that opens and closes to regulate the exchange of gasses (Co2 and O2)

Question 22

What is the function function of the guard cells?

Answer 22

To control the size of the opening of the stoma

Question 23

Where are stomata more abundant?

Answer 23

More abundant in the lower epidermis

Question 24

What is the function of the waxy cuticle covering the surface of the leaf?

Answer 24

Waterproofing, prevents dehydration and protects from infection

Question 25

What is chromatography?

Answer 25

A technique to separate pigments of leaves based of structure and adsorption properties

Question 26

What is paper chromatography?

Answer 26

A technique to separate various pigments based on differences in their molecular structures

Question 27

What is the optimum ph for catalase production?

Answer 27

7ph

Question 28

What is the optimum temperature for catalase production?

Answer 28

98f, or 37C

Question 29

What causes an enzyme to be destroyed/altered?

Answer 29

too high of a temperature, or too low of a ph

Question 30

Why do cooked mashed potatoes stay white?

Answer 30

high boiling temperature alters the enzymes

Question 31

Why does putting lemon juice on a salad stop it from browning?

Answer 31

The low acidity of the lemon juice alters the enzymes

Question 32

What is catalase?

Answer 32

An enzyme found in every organ except the stomach.

Question 33

What are two ways to measure enzyme activity?

Answer 33

Rate of disappearance of substrate, and rate of appearance of product

Question 34

What is the equation for the conversion of H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) into water and oxygen by catalase?

Answer 34

2 H2O2 >Catalase> 2 H2O + O2