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Advanced Nutrition > Final: L5/6- Ch. 12 > Flashcards

Final: L5/6- Ch. 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Which process gives the body the capacity to maintain constancy in the
internal environment?

a. osmotic pressure
b. osmolality
c. homeostasis
d. acid-base balance

A

c. homeostasis

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2
Q

Water accounts for what percentage of the body weight in a normal adult?

a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%

A

c. 60%

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3
Q

Which body water reservoir is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid?

a. intracellular
b. extracellular
c. total body water
d. glomerular filtrate

A

b. extracellular

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4
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure attracts water into the plasma and is mainly due to
_____.

a. large protein molecules
b. the pumping of the heart
c. sodium ions
d. chloride ions

A

a. large protein molecules

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5
Q

What is the major filtration force in the capillaries that is responsible for controlling movement of water from plasma to interstitial fluid and from interstitial fluid into plasma?

a. colloid osmotic pressure
b. theoretic osmotic pressure
c. hydrostatic pressure
d. effective osmotic pressure

A

c. hydrostatic pressure

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6
Q

What percentage of blood volume is circulated through the kidneys?

a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 100%

A

a. 25%

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7
Q

Which of the components comprising the nephron includes the capillary

network called the glomerulus?

a. collecting duct
b. distal convoluted tubule
c. loop of Henle
d. Bowman’s capsule

A

d. Bowman’s capsule

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8
Q

Which organs are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity
and volume?

a. hypothalamus and kidney
b. liver and pancreas
c. pancreas and kidney
d. spleen and bone marrow

A

a. hypothalamus and kidney

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9
Q

What percentage of the glomerular filtrate volume is excreted as urine each day?

a. 100%
b. 50%
c. 25%
d. 1%

A

d. 1%

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10
Q

Which hormone, mediated by the enzyme renin, is primarily responsible for active reabsorption of sodium ions in the distal and collecting tubules?

a. antidiuretic hormone
b. aldosterone
c. androsterone
d. adrenocortical

A

b. aldosterone

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11
Q

Which hormone, stimulated by increased blood pressure stretching the heart, functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption to promote sodium excretion?

a. vasopressin
b. atrial natriuretic peptide
c. aldosterone
d. angiotensin II

A

b. atrial natriuretic peptide

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12
Q
  1. . Which of the following is NOT a cationic electrolyte of extracellular fluid?
    a. sodium
    b. potassium
    c. calcium
    d. bicarbonate
A

d. bicarbonate

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13
Q
  1. In which part of the nephron is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed?
    a. ascending loop of Henle
    b. distal convoluted tubule
    c. collecting ducts
    d. proximal tubule
A

a. ascending loop of Henle

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14
Q

Dietary intake of which mineral correlates positively with blood pressure?

a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. potassium
d. sodium

A

d. sodium

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15
Q

A clinically useful parameter in establishing metabolic disorders that can alter electrolyte balance is:

a. blood urea nitrogen.
b. creatinine.
c. homeostatic ion regulation.
d. anion gap.

A

d. anion gap.

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16
Q

Incidence of hypertension in populations is considered predictable by _____.

a. serum sodium concentration
b. urinary sodium excretion
c. average daily sodium intake
d. sodium filtration rate by the kidney

A

c. average daily sodium intake

17
Q

A food may be labeled “low sodium” if each serving provides

a. less than 5 mg.
b. less than 35 mg.
c. less than 140 mg.
d. less than 240 mg.

A

c. less than 140 mg.

18
Q

Significant loss of what mineral occurs when one exercises vigorously while the temperature is high?

a. sulphur
b. phosphorus
c. sodium
d. potassium

A

c. sodium

19
Q

Which mineral serves as the major intracellular fluid cation?

a. calcium
b. chloride
c. sodium
d. potassium

A

d. potassium

20
Q

Which is the chief cation of intracellular fluid for which maintenance of normal levels is essential to life of the cells?

a. calcium
b. sodium
c. potassium
d. bicarbonate

A

c. potassium

21
Q

What is the condition that may result in cardiac arrhythmias when extracellular potassium is increased?

a. hypernatremia
b. hypokalemia
c. hyperkalemia
d. hyponatremia

A

c. hyperkalemia

22
Q

Which mineral is the most abundant anion found in extracellular fluid?

a. sodium
b. chloride
c. phosphorus
d. magnesium

A

b. chloride

23
Q

What is a major function of chloride?

a. protein synthesis in cells
b. the principal intracellular electrolyte
c. wound healing
d. maintenance of gastric acidity

A

d. maintenance of gastric acidity

24
Q

Acid-base balance refers to

a. the ratio of acidic and basic foods consumed each day.
b. the concentration of the bicarbonate ion in the red blood cells.
c. the control of the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.
d. homeostasis.

A

c. the control of the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.

25
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the principal regulatory mechanisms for
guarding against fluctuation in pH?

a. temperature variation
b. buffer systems
c. respiratory center
d. renal regulation

A

a. temperature variation

26
Q

When the plasma concentration of H ions exceeds the normal range the condition is called:

a. alkalosis.
b. acidosis.

A

b. acidosis.

27
Q

Which of the physiological buffers has the most potent buffering capacity?

a. bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
b. hydrochloric acid system
c. phosphates
d. proteins

A

d. proteins

28
Q

Of these blood proteins, which one contributes most to buffering?

a. albumin
b. gamma globulins
c. hemoglobin
d. transthyretin

A

c. hemoglobin

29
Q

What enzyme facilitates diffusion of carbon dioxide from tissue cells and its reaction with water so that carbon dioxide can be carried to the lungs?

a. renin
b. angiotensinogen
c. angiotensin
d. carbonic anhydrase

A

d. carbonic anhydrase

30
Q

When hyperventilation occurs there is:

a. an increased loss of CO 2 and a decreased production of carbonic acid.
b. a decreased loss of CO 2 and an increased production of carbonic acid.

A

a. an increased loss of CO 2 and a decreased production of carbonic acid.

31
Q

When a person hyperventilates and “blows off” CO 2 , what effect does this have on pH?

a. lowers it
b. raises it
c. does not alter it significantly
d. delays any changes in it

A

b. raises it

32
Q

What is the condition that occurs in starvation or diabetes in which there is an increase in the urinary excretion of ammonia?

a. metabolic alkalosis
b. metabolic acidosis

A

b. metabolic acidosis

33
Q

Restoration of normal pH is accomplished by the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid. Which buffer is controlled by the kidneys?

a. bicarbonate
b. carbonic acid

A

a. bicarbonate

34
Q

What is the hormone responsible for:

Hormone produced in hypothalamus; functions to conserve water by increasing reabsorption of water by the kidneys.

A

Vasopressin

35
Q

What is the hormone responsible for:

Hormone produced in adrenal cortex; functions to stimulate active reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys, thereby promoting fluid retention.

A

Aldosterone

36
Q

What is the hormone responsible for:

Enzyme produced by kidney; functions to hydrolyze angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

A

Renin

37
Q

What is the hormone responsible for:

Active hormone produced by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs; functions as vasoconstrictor, as stimulator for release of aldosterone, and as stimulator of hypothalamus to release vasopressin.

A

Angiotensin II

38
Q

What is the formone responsible for:

Hormone produced in atrial cells of the heart; functions to inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidney, thereby promoting fluid loss.

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

39
Q

Research has shown that supplements of which mineral are associated with significant reductions in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, especially in individuals with hypertension?

a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. potassium
d. sodium

A

c. potassium

Advanced Nutrition (5 decks)

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