Final: L4- Ch. 11

Question 1

All of the following are considered major electrolytes EXCEPT _____.

a. calcium
b. sodium
c. potassium
d. chloride

Answer 1

a. calcium

Question 2

Which of the following is considered a major mineral in the body?

a. iron
b. sodium
c. selenium
d. iodine

Answer 2

b. sodium

Question 3

Which mineral is the most abundant cation in the human body?

a. phosphorus
b. magnesium
c. calcium
d. potassium

Answer 3

c. calcium

Question 4

Calcitriol can stimulate the absorption of calcium from the intestines by regulating _____and related proteins.

a. calsequestrin
b. calcitonin
c. calmodulin
d. calbindin

Answer 4

d. calbindin

Question 5

Paracellular absorption of calcium

a. relies on transmembrane proteins called claudins.
b. requires a membrane channel protein called TRPV6.
c. requires energy and is saturable.
d. increases with low dietary calcium intakes.

Answer 5

a. relies on transmembrane proteins called claudins.

Question 6

What substance can improve calcium absorption?

a. lactose
b. unabsorbed fatty acids
c. phytic acid
d. magnesium

Answer 6

a. lactose

Question 7

_____ is secreted in response to low plasma calcium concentrations and acts on the kidney to increase synthesis of _____, which promotes renal reabsorption of calcium.

a. Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin
b. Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol
c. Calcitonin, calcitriol
d. Calcitriol, calmodulin

Answer 7

b. Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol

Question 8

Which cells are considered the bone-building cells?

a. osteonectins
b. osteopontins
c. osteoclasts
d. osteoblasts

Answer 8

d. osteoblasts

Question 9

During which period of the life cycle does peak bone mass occur?

a. childhood
b. puberty
c. early adulthood
d. middle age

Answer 9

c. early adulthood

Question 10

The binding protein that regulates many of the calcium-dependent enzymes is:

a. calcitonin.
b. calmodulin.
c. albumin.
d. globulin.

Answer 10

b. calmodulin.

Question 11

Which mineral, when combined with unabsorbed dietary fat, forms soaps that cannot be absorbed and are excreted in the feces?

a. calcium
b. sulphur
c. potassium
d. chloride

Answer 11

a. calcium

Question 12

In the renal system, which mineral regulates body fluid pH by reacting with secreted hydrogen ions, releasing sodium ions in the process?

a. sulphur
b. magnesium
c. calcium
d. phosphorus

Answer 12

d. phosphorus

Question 13

Which two minerals are the major part of the crystal, hydroxyapatite, formed in ossification of bone?

a. sodium, chloride
b. sulphur, magnesium
c. calcium, phosphorus
d. calcium, potassium

Answer 13

c. calcium, phosphorus

Question 14

Which hormone both increases release of bone phosphorus into the blood and promotes urinary excretion of phosphorus?

a. calcitonin
b. calcitriol
c. parathyroid hormone
d. insulin

Answer 14

c. parathyroid hormone

Question 15

Phosphate balance is achieved largely by _____.

a. renal excretion
b. fecal excretion
c. control of absorption by vitamin D
d. control of absorption by phytates

Answer 15

a. renal excretion

Question 16

Which of the following minerals plays a major role in regulating body fluid pH?

a. calcium
b. magnesium
c. sulphur
d. phosphorus

Answer 16

d. phosphorus

Question 17

Malnourished individuals being refed who exhibit the “refeeding syndrome” may have low serum concentrations of _____.

a. calcium
b. sodium
c. phosphorus
d. chloride

Answer 17

c. phosphorus

Question 18

Which mineral is LEAST likely to be deficient in anyone’s diet?

a. calcium
b. phosphorus
c. iodine
d. chromium

Answer 18

b. phosphorus

Question 19

Which mineral is part of the green chlorophyll pigment in green leafy vegetables?

a. magnesium
b. sodium
c. potassium
d. sulfur

Answer 19

a. magnesium

Question 20

Which mineral participates in all aspects of energy metabolism including glycolysis, beta-oxidation, and the TCA cycle?

a. calcium
b. iron
c. magnesium
d. sulphur

Answer 20

c. magnesium

Question 21

Which mineral has as its primary function to bind phosphate groups in ATP and ATP-dependent enzyme reactions?

a. calcium
b. magnesium
c. potassium
d. sodium

Answer 21

b. magnesium

Question 22

Which statement is false?

a. About half of magnesium in the body is associated with the bones.
b. Intracellular and serum magnesium levels are rigidly maintained.
c. Magnesium in cells is associated with phospholipids and proteins.
d. Magnesium metabolism is regulated by several hormones.

Answer 22

d. Magnesium metabolism is regulated by several hormones.

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true?

a. In muscle contraction, the roles of calcium and magnesium are antagonistic, with calcium promoting the process and magnesium being the inhibitor.
b. Magnesium promotes phosphorus absorption.
c. Calcium and magnesium promote each other’s reabsorption in the kidney.

d. Calcium may cause an alteration in magnesium distribution by changing the flux of magnesium across the cell membrane or displacing it on its
binding sites.

Answer 23

a. In muscle contraction, the roles of calcium and magnesium are antagonistic, with calcium promoting the process and magnesium being the inhibitor.

Question 24

Deficiency of which major mineral is usually associated with muscular weakness, neuromuscular hyperexcitability, and tetany?

a. magnesium
b. calcium
c. sulphur
b. chloride

Answer 24

a. magnesium

Question 25

What mineral functions in:

forms a complex with ATP for use in glycolysis

Answer 25

Magnesium

Question 26

What mineral functions in:

required for blood clotting

Answer 26

Calcium

Question 27

What mineral functions in:

forms part of the linear backbone of DNA

Answer 27

Phosphorus