Final KPER1500 Flashcards
what is the study of anatomy?
the study of the structures that make up the human body and how those structures relate to each other.
what does the anatomical position provide us?
provides consistant terminoligy giving us a starting point.
describe the anatomical position.
thumbs outward, palms forwars, standing straight up.
describe lateral and medial.
Lateral: away from the midline of the body.
Medial: towards the midline
describe distal and proximal.
Distal: Further from some specified region
Proximal: closer to some specific region.
Anterior
in front of or front of your body
posterior.
behind or back or your body
superior
Inferior
Superior: above
Inferior: Below
Prone
Supine
Prone: laying face down
Supine: Laying on back
what are body planes
imaginary flat surfaces that devide the body
Midsagital/ Median Plane:
Divides the body into right and left halves
Frontal Coronal Plane:
divides the body into anterior and posterior
Transverse Plane:
divides body into superior and inferior
what is center of gravity?
where median, frontal, and transverse planes intersect also called center of mass
differences between flexion and extension
Flexion reduces angle, Extension increases angle
Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion:
dorsiflexion: bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin
Plantar flexion: motion involved in calf raises
adduction:
abduction:
Adduction: moving a segment of the body towards the midline
Abduction: moving a segement away from the body
Medial Rotation:
rotation toward the midline
lateral rotation:
rotation away from the midline
Pronation :
Palms down
Supination
Palms up
inversion:
movement for when you twist an ankle
eversion
movement in twisting an ankle in the oposite direction (outward)
Circumduction.
making imaginary circles in the air with arms or legs.
two different divisions in the human skeleton:
axial and appendicular
Approximately how many bones in the human skeleton?
approx 206
Axial Skeleton consists of:
skull, sternum, ribs, vertibral culumn
how many bones in the axial skeleton?
80
Appendicular skeleton cosnsists of:
pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower
limbs.
how many bones in appendicular skeleton?
126
what are short bones and whats the point of having them?
shock absorbers… including the tarsals and carpals
what are long bones?
any bone whose length greatly surpasses the diameter
What are flat bones?
bones like the skull, ribs, scapula…. protect underlaying organs
what are irregular bones?
weird bones that dont have a place in scociety….
what is a sesamoid bone?
bones like the patella, oval shape… found in tendons
compact bone is also _____ bone
Cortical
Spongy bone is also _____ bone
cancellous
Bone Composisiton:
Calcium carbonate and clacium (60-70 percent)
Collagen protein
Water (20% vs 60% in body)
how many bones are babies born with?
300 bones
whats a greenstick fracture?
like a wet tree, bone is wet and doesnt break clean
what an osteoporotic fracture?
more of a dry break,
what is Wolff’s law?
bone adapts to applied loads,
skeletal muscle small description:
attached to bones, allows body movement with voluntary control over the muscle.
Cardiac muscle small description:
heart contraction, vewry fatigue resistant, autonomic nerve control
Origin:
Proximal Attachement (attached to more stationary parts)
Insertion :
distal attachement (more mobile structures)
what is a joint?
connction between two or more bones.
Strands of connective tissue ensure stability and hold joint together
Fibrous Joint:
No movement
Absorb shock
(skull)
Cartilaginous joints
Limited movement
absorbs shock
(intervertebral discs)
Synovial Joints
greatest degree of movement
allow movement, most common joint
(hip joint)
describe the compartments of a synovial joint:
Joint capsule
Joint cavity
Hyaline cartilage
Ligaments, extrinsic and intrinsic
what is a joint capsule?q
surrounds the joint and provides support
what is the joint cavity?
inside the joint, filled with synovial fluid.
where do you find hyaline cartilage inside the joint?
covers the articulating bones for lubercation
what do ligaments do for the joint>
the support the joint
Uniaxial, Biaxial, Multiaxial joints description?
on, two or multiple axes
types of synovial joints:
hinge piviot condyloid saddle-shaped ball and socket plane
hinge joint:
has one articulating surface that is conves and another that is concave
pivot joint:
one bone rotates arround one axis
condyloid joint:
knuckle joint
Axis=
C2
Atlas =
C1
whats the thenar and hypothenar group of muscles?
palm
describe the os coxae (paired hip bones)
Ilium, pubis, ischium… with acetabulum (where the femur connects)
what is a concentric action?
muscle overcomes a load and shortens
What is eccentric Action?
muscle being overcome by a load… muscle lengthens
Isokinetic action:
“same “ “Motion”
Plyometric action
a rapid eccentric loading and muscle stretching followed by a strong concentric contraction
what can the plyometric action do for an athletes jumping?
can increase jumping height
what is maximal absolute strength ?
the maximum amount of force one can generate in a single effort
what is relative strength?
proportion of maximal strength relitive to body mass
what is power?
ability to overcome external resistance by developing a high rate of muscular contraction
what is muscuar endurance?
ability to resist fatigue in strength performance of longer duration
important when demands are placed on strength and endurance
how do women compare to mens strength
with the same lean body body mass, women will be as strong as men, its just harder to put on muscle
what two things dpes the ability to move require?
correct muscle activation patterns and the availibility of energy for muscle contraction
all energy in the human body is derived from 3 nutrients:
carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
what process turns ATP into ADP?
hydrolysis
breifly describe Anarobic Alactic system
uses Creatine Phosphate… since their are small amounts of muscle CP and ATP stored it has a very short duration… used for explosive high intensity activities. Large amount of energy produced in short amount of time. Recovery time is quick
explain glycolysis breifly:
Glycogen (muslce) or glucose (blood) breakdown to eventually yield 2 ATPs
glycolysis is a stepwise enzymatic process and it uses no oxygen
in glycolysis a low rate of pyruvic acid turns into what and where does it go?
pyruvate… and its shuttled to mitochondria for aerobic metabolism.
in glycolysis a high rate of pyruvic acid turns into what? and where is it stored?
Turns into lactic acid, and stored in muscle until rest or enters Cori cycle in the liver
where are carbohydrates from?
From starches or sugars in diet.
what is a primary source of blood glucose?
Carbohydrates
what is the anaerobic threshold?
when your muscles start to burn and
what happens when you increase your anaerobic threshold?
“muscle burn” happens at higher intensities.
Incresed muscle blood flow, flow of lactic acid from muscle to blood, and metabolisme of lactate is all increased
what system is used in long term energy?
Aerobic System
what is Oxidative Phosphorilation?
Krebs cycle and the electric transport chain
what are the requirements for long term energy?
- enought muscle mithochondria
- sufficient O2 supply
- enzymes and intermediate by-products are not rate limiting
Oxygen transport:
lungs–> circulation–> muscle
increase ATP needs Increased O2
true of false, cellular respiration is a limited function
true
what is VO2 Max
maximal rate of o2 that can be consumed
additional energy produced anaerobically
what are some factors that contribute to high VO2 max?
high arterial O2 content
Increased cardiac output (blood pumper per minute)
Larger O2 extraction by tissues
what is the oxidative system?
long term energy system
how does the oxidative system help with pain after intense exercise?`
its efficient lactic acid removal after intense exercise would reduce pain.
the liver turns Lactic acid into what in the Cori Cycle?
coverted into glucose
3 nergy systems :
which is most important?
phosphagen, glycotic and oxidative. Oxidative is the most important.
contributions of each energy system depends on :
activity duration and intensity.
3 layers of the heart:
endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
what is the path in and out of the heart?
blood going into right atrium, into right ventricle, into lungs via pulmonary artery, into lungs, back into left atria, into right ventricle to the body
where is the pulmonary valve?
right ventricle leading into the pulmonary artery.
where is the aortic valve?
left ventricle leading into the aorta.
when do atrioventricular valves open?
when atria contract to direct blood flow into ventricles.
where is the tricuspid valve?
right atrium leading into the right ventricle.
where is the bicuspid valve?
left atra leading into the left ventricle.
when do atrioventricular valves close?
when atria relax to prevent backflow.
what is the sinus node (sinoatrial node)
called the pacemaker of the heart, it is what controls the heartrate located inside the right atrium. It generates nerve impluses and causes muscle walls to contract starting with the atria and finishing with the ventricle.
what is systolic BP?
During ventricular contraction (systole)
How hard heart works
Strain against arterial walls during contraction
Normal: 120 mm Hg
what is diastolic BP?
During heart relaxation (diastole)
Indicates peripheral BP (outside the heart)
Ease with which blood flows from arterioles to capillaries
Normal: 70-80 mm Hg
what is cardiac output?
the amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute.
what is stroke volume?
amount of blood (ml) pumped out of left ventricle per heartbeat
what is heartrate?
rhythmical contraction of the heart walls
how to calculate Maximum heart rate?
220-age (years)
blood consists of:
- plasma
- Platelets
- White blood cells
- Red blood cells
hematocrit:
percentage of blood made up of RBC
RBC carry O2 from:
lungs-> body tissues
RBC carry CO2 from
Body Tissues -> to lung
what is hemoglobin?
proteins and iron molecule inside RBC that binds to up to four O2
what is “Partial pressure of O2 (PO2)
determines haemoglobin-oxygen binding
what is “arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v O2) ?
Deffierence between O2 levels in blood leaving and returning to the lungs.
Measure of O2 being used by the body tissues
Rest: 4-5 ml O2/ decilitres blood
Excercise: 15 ml O2/ decilitre blood
Reticulocytes are what?
Immature RBC
Produced in bone marrow (red marrow or large bone)
Tightly controlled with a hormone erythropoietin (EPO) produced by the kidneys
transport of CO2 _____—_____—-_______——_____
tissues blood lungs air
transport of CO2 helps regulate body’s :
Ionic equilibrium (chloride shift)
pH balance (bicarbonate buffer system)
O2 uptake:
measured as VO2 - volume of oxygen consumed in a given amount of time
increase energy requirements affect VO2 in what way ?
increases the need for more oxygen so VO@ needs to increase
Cardiac outpput:
amount of bloof pumped by the heart each minute (into aorta)
Determines O2 volume delivered to tissues
Hematocrit:
Concentration of red blood cells
Determines amount of O2 per a volume of blood
O2 extraction:
ability of tissues to extract O2
Affected by mitochindria number and enzyme efficiency
Capillarization
Number of cappillaries in tissue
affects the ability of cardiovascular system to place RBCs close to the working tissues
What does the respiratory system do in short very simplistic way?q
Delivers oxygenated air to blood
Removes CO2 from blood
Regulates acid-base balance
what does the conduction zone do in the respiratory system?
filters, humidifies, and adjusts air to body’s temperature
what is the resiratory zone responsible for?
gas exchange
what are the exercise effect on cardiorespiratory system?
increase of :
Cardiac output
Capillsry Supply
Blood Volume
Ventilation
During exercise:
Body heat must be released by additional means
__% of energy released as heat
80
Types and sources of Nutrients :
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
Water
Fibre
what is the study of Nutrition?
study of food, helps teach us about healthy diet that contains adequate amounts of all essential nutrients
what are Micronutrients?
vitamines (water soluble and fat soluble) and minerals (major and trace elements)
what are macronutrients?
Proteins, fats and carbohyrates which provide energy and calories
types of carbs:
Sugars and Starches
types of Fats:
Saturated and unsaturated
Trans fat
Cholesterol
HDL and LDL
Triglycerides
Types of proteins
Complete and Incomplete
what is the primary source of energy, used by the body easily and quickly and also first:
Carbohydrates
what kind of carbs are sugars?
Simple Carbohydrate
What is the difference between monosacarides and disaccharides
mono’s are found in fruits veggies and honey and are alreay broken down but diasaccharies have to be broken down before being absorbed into the blood
what kind of foods have starches?
Grains (pasta, bread, rice) vegetables and fruits
what is the most concentrated form of energy?
fats
fats aid absorbtion of fat-soluble vitamins, which vitamins?
A D E and K
what is the composition of a triglyceride?
one glycerol with three fatty acids attached, which makes up most fats in our diets, bloodstream,
why should Saturated fats be consumed in moderation?
because they are linked to high cholesterol and heart disease.
Give some info regarding unsaturated fats
may lower cholesterol and protect against heart disease
dominant in plant oil
liquid at room tempature
have double bonds between carbon atoms in fatty acis
How are trans fats produced and what types of foods are they found in?
Hydrogenation and they are found in junk food
what does hydrogenation do?
turns double bonds into single bonds
yeilds more solid products and extends shelf life
why is cholesterol good?
circulates in our blood stream and is essential componant of human tissue because it strengthens cell’s walls
needed for making nerve covering, hormones and vitamin D
HDL and LDL (low-density lipoprotein and High-density Lipoprotein) which of the two is good and why?
HDL because it carries cholesterol back to the liver where it is removed from the body , It is good because high amounts can protect against heart disease
where are proteins found?
in every living cell
proteins are structural components necessary for building and repairing:
Muscles Bones Blood Enzymes Hormones Cell membranes
what are amino acids
they make up proteins
when are proteins considered complete ?
if they contain all essential amino acids
what types of foods would you find complete proteins?
Animal products, chickpeas ,quinoa, soy
what types of foods would you find incomplete proteins in?
Many plant sources
what does excessive intake of protein result to?
pissing it out
what are vitamines required for?
in small amount for growth, reproduction, and health maintenance
differnce between vitamins and minerals?
vitamines are organic and carbon containing and minerals are inorganice and do not contain carbon
what is fibre?
a plant substance that cannot be digested
what are the componants of the energy balance equation?
Energy intake
Basal Matabolic Rate
Thermic effect of food
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis
Thermic effect of physical activity
Excess post-exercise O2 consumption
what does body composition refer to?
fat, muscle, bone and other organs
what is the two componant model in Body Composition?
lean body mass and Total body fat
what is Lean Body Mass?
Non-fat or fat-free componants like muscle bones and water
what is fat body mass?
total body fat
what is essential fat?
the fat required for normal functioning,
Stored in yellow marrow and organs/ muscles
3% males; 12% females
what is storage fat?
subcutanous fat ans visceral fat that accumulates beneath skin and arround organs
everygy reserve incase of starvation
require for normal functioning
12% in males and 15%in women
what is the equation for BMI?
weight (kg) / Height (m)squared
what type of people ais the BMI not useful for?
babies, children, teenagers, pregnant women or very muscular people.
how many ranges does BMI have?
underweight
Healthy/acceptable weight
Overweight
what are some physical problem with Anorexia nervosa?
body metabolizes protein (from muscles and organs), hair loss, dry skin, amenorrhea, reduced bone mass, brittle nails, etc
physical problems with bulimia nervosa
acid reflux and dental issues
what is the science of biomechanics?
the science of biomechanics is the science that examines the forces acting upon and within a biological structure and the effects produced by such forces
what is quantitive analysis?
using high tech intrumentation, usually intended for researchers
measuring variables to optimize athletic performance
what is qualitative analysis?
using sight and hearing, usually dine by coaches and teachers to identify and correct errors
what is kinmatics?
describing human motion without its forces
focused on motions spatial and timing characteristics
what is kinetics?
describing forces leading to motion
consists of internal and external forces
Differents measurements taking in kinematics:
position
displacement
velocity
acceleration
what are the three models of human motion?
Partial model :
Dot represents center of mass, used when body or object is airborn and in flight (i.e. projectile motion)
Stick figure model;
Body segements =sticks, used when body in contact with other objects
. Describe gross motor skills in 2-D
Rigid body Segment model:
Used for sophisticated 3-D analyses, can include shape deformation of body segments
types of motion:
Linear:
All body parts move same distance and direction at the same time (e.g. bobsled)
Angular:
Body moves on a circular path and rotates about axis of rotation (e.g. twisting somersault)
General:
Body/segments move linearly and rotate at the same time
define force:
Force is any action, push or pull, that tends to cause an object to change its state of motion by experiencing acceleration
what is linear motion?
force acting at the center of mass/ pivot point
what is angular motion?
force not acting at the center of mass/ pivot point and result in torque
what is a first class lever?
Applied force and resistance are on oposite sides of the axis
what is a second class lever?
applied force and resistance on same side of axis; resistance closer to axis
what is a third class lever?
applied force and resistance on same side of axis; force closer to the axis
What is Newtons first law
“Objects will not change their state of motion unless acted on by an unbalanced external force”
Whats newtons second law?
Objects will experience a change in velocity (acceleration) proportional to the unbalanced external force”
What is Newtons third law?
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; forces act in pairs that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction”
what happens when training load = > elastic limit,
permanant failure of the tissue resulting in injury
treatment vs rehab
Treatment:
Received by patient from a health care professional
Promotes healing
Improves quality of injured tissue
Allows quicker return to activity
Rehabilitation:
Therapist’s restoration of injured tissue + patient’s participation
Individualized for each person
what are the ohases of healing?
inflammatory response phase (2-4 days)
Fibroblastic repair phase (hours-6weeks)
Maturation Remodelling Phase (3 weeks-years)
what does the acronyn PRCCE (PRICE) stand for?
protect
rest
Cryotherapy
(decreases swelling bleeding pain and spasms)
Compression
(decreases swelling)
Elevation
(decreases swelling)
what is the fibroblastic repair phase?
Repair and scar formation, collogen fibres are deposited by fibroblasts
what is the maturation-remodeling phase?
remodeling or realigning of scar tissure
sprain and strains measn the tissue is :
stretched or torn
different grades of sparins and strains?
GRADE 1
Slightly stretched or torn; few muscle fibres
GRADE 2
Moderately stretched or torn, more muscle fibres
GRADE3
Complete rupture
Surgery required
E.g., ACL tear
categories of dislocations:
partial dislocation or subluxation
complete dislocation
types of fractures?
Simple fracture:
Stays within the surrounding soft tissue
Compound fracture:
Protrudes from the skin
Stress fracture:
Results from repeated low magnitude loads
Avulsion fracture:
Involves tendon or ligament pulling small chip of bone (more frequent in kids)
what is tendonitis? what are the symptoms?
inflammation of tendon as a result of a small tear in the tendon.
Symptoms: pain, tenderness, sniffness near joint
lateral epicondylitis is the sciency word for:
tennis elbow
meadial epicondylitis is the sciency word for
gollfers and little league elbow
patellar tendonitis is the sciency word for:
jumpers knee
