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KPER FINAL > Final KPER1500 > Flashcards

Final KPER1500 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the study of anatomy?

A

the study of the structures that make up the human body and how those structures relate to each other.

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2
Q

what does the anatomical position provide us?

A

provides consistant terminoligy giving us a starting point.

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3
Q

describe the anatomical position.

A

thumbs outward, palms forwars, standing straight up.

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4
Q

describe lateral and medial.

A

Lateral: away from the midline of the body.

Medial: towards the midline

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5
Q

describe distal and proximal.

A

Distal: Further from some specified region

Proximal: closer to some specific region.

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6
Q

Anterior

A

in front of or front of your body

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7
Q

posterior.

A

behind or back or your body

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8
Q

superior

Inferior

A

Superior: above
Inferior: Below

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9
Q

Prone

Supine

A

Prone: laying face down
Supine: Laying on back

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10
Q

what are body planes

A

imaginary flat surfaces that devide the body

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11
Q

Midsagital/ Median Plane:

A

Divides the body into right and left halves

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12
Q

Frontal Coronal Plane:

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior

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13
Q

Transverse Plane:

A

divides body into superior and inferior

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14
Q

what is center of gravity?

A

where median, frontal, and transverse planes intersect also called center of mass

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15
Q

differences between flexion and extension

A

Flexion reduces angle, Extension increases angle

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16
Q

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion:

A

dorsiflexion: bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin

Plantar flexion: motion involved in calf raises

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17
Q

adduction:
abduction:

A

Adduction: moving a segment of the body towards the midline

Abduction: moving a segement away from the body

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18
Q

Medial Rotation:

A

rotation toward the midline

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19
Q

lateral rotation:

A

rotation away from the midline

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20
Q

Pronation :

A

Palms down

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21
Q

Supination

A

Palms up

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22
Q

inversion:

A

movement for when you twist an ankle

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23
Q

eversion

A

movement in twisting an ankle in the oposite direction (outward)

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24
Q

Circumduction.

A

making imaginary circles in the air with arms or legs.

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25
Q

two different divisions in the human skeleton:

A

axial and appendicular

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26
Q

Approximately how many bones in the human skeleton?

A

approx 206

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27
Q

Axial Skeleton consists of:

A

skull, sternum, ribs, vertibral culumn

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28
Q

how many bones in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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29
Q

Appendicular skeleton cosnsists of:

A

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower

limbs.

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30
Q

how many bones in appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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31
Q

what are short bones and whats the point of having them?

A

shock absorbers… including the tarsals and carpals

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32
Q

what are long bones?

A

any bone whose length greatly surpasses the diameter

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33
Q

What are flat bones?

A

bones like the skull, ribs, scapula…. protect underlaying organs

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34
Q

what are irregular bones?

A

weird bones that dont have a place in scociety….

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35
Q

what is a sesamoid bone?

A

bones like the patella, oval shape… found in tendons

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36
Q

compact bone is also _____ bone

A

Cortical

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37
Q

Spongy bone is also _____ bone

A

cancellous

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38
Q

Bone Composisiton:

A

Calcium carbonate and clacium (60-70 percent)

Collagen protein

Water (20% vs 60% in body)

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39
Q

how many bones are babies born with?

A

300 bones

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40
Q

whats a greenstick fracture?

A

like a wet tree, bone is wet and doesnt break clean

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41
Q

what an osteoporotic fracture?

A

more of a dry break,

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42
Q

what is Wolff’s law?

A

bone adapts to applied loads,

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43
Q

skeletal muscle small description:

A

attached to bones, allows body movement with voluntary control over the muscle.

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44
Q

Cardiac muscle small description:

A

heart contraction, vewry fatigue resistant, autonomic nerve control

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45
Q

Origin:

A

Proximal Attachement (attached to more stationary parts)

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46
Q

Insertion :

A

distal attachement (more mobile structures)

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47
Q

what is a joint?

A

connction between two or more bones.

Strands of connective tissue ensure stability and hold joint together

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48
Q

Fibrous Joint:

A

No movement
Absorb shock
(skull)

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49
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Limited movement
absorbs shock
(intervertebral discs)

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50
Q

Synovial Joints

A

greatest degree of movement

allow movement, most common joint

(hip joint)

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51
Q

describe the compartments of a synovial joint:

A

Joint capsule

Joint cavity

Hyaline cartilage

Ligaments, extrinsic and intrinsic

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52
Q

what is a joint capsule?q

A

surrounds the joint and provides support

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53
Q

what is the joint cavity?

A

inside the joint, filled with synovial fluid.

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54
Q

where do you find hyaline cartilage inside the joint?

A

covers the articulating bones for lubercation

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55
Q

what do ligaments do for the joint>

A

the support the joint

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56
Q

Uniaxial, Biaxial, Multiaxial joints description?

A

on, two or multiple axes

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57
Q

types of synovial joints:

A 
hinge
piviot
condyloid
saddle-shaped
ball and socket
plane
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58
Q

hinge joint:

A

has one articulating surface that is conves and another that is concave

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59
Q

pivot joint:

A

one bone rotates arround one axis

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60
Q

condyloid joint:

A

knuckle joint

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61
Q

Axis=

A

C2

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62
Q

Atlas =

A

C1

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63
Q

whats the thenar and hypothenar group of muscles?

A

palm

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64
Q

describe the os coxae (paired hip bones)

A

Ilium, pubis, ischium… with acetabulum (where the femur connects)

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65
Q

what is a concentric action?

A

muscle overcomes a load and shortens

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66
Q

What is eccentric Action?

A

muscle being overcome by a load… muscle lengthens

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67
Q

Isokinetic action:

A

“same “ “Motion”

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68
Q

Plyometric action

A

a rapid eccentric loading and muscle stretching followed by a strong concentric contraction

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69
Q

what can the plyometric action do for an athletes jumping?

A

can increase jumping height

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70
Q

what is maximal absolute strength ?

A

the maximum amount of force one can generate in a single effort

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71
Q

what is relative strength?

A

proportion of maximal strength relitive to body mass

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72
Q

what is power?

A

ability to overcome external resistance by developing a high rate of muscular contraction

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73
Q

what is muscuar endurance?

A

ability to resist fatigue in strength performance of longer duration

important when demands are placed on strength and endurance

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74
Q

how do women compare to mens strength

A

with the same lean body body mass, women will be as strong as men, its just harder to put on muscle

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75
Q

what two things dpes the ability to move require?

A

correct muscle activation patterns and the availibility of energy for muscle contraction

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76
Q

all energy in the human body is derived from 3 nutrients:

A

carbohydrates

Proteins

Fats

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77
Q

what process turns ATP into ADP?

A

hydrolysis

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78
Q

breifly describe Anarobic Alactic system

A

uses Creatine Phosphate… since their are small amounts of muscle CP and ATP stored it has a very short duration… used for explosive high intensity activities. Large amount of energy produced in short amount of time. Recovery time is quick

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79
Q

explain glycolysis breifly:

A

Glycogen (muslce) or glucose (blood) breakdown to eventually yield 2 ATPs

glycolysis is a stepwise enzymatic process and it uses no oxygen

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80
Q

in glycolysis a low rate of pyruvic acid turns into what and where does it go?

A

pyruvate… and its shuttled to mitochondria for aerobic metabolism.

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81
Q

in glycolysis a high rate of pyruvic acid turns into what? and where is it stored?

A

Turns into lactic acid, and stored in muscle until rest or enters Cori cycle in the liver

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82
Q

where are carbohydrates from?

A

From starches or sugars in diet.

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83
Q

what is a primary source of blood glucose?

A

Carbohydrates

84
Q

what is the anaerobic threshold?

A

when your muscles start to burn and

85
Q

what happens when you increase your anaerobic threshold?

A

“muscle burn” happens at higher intensities.

Incresed muscle blood flow, flow of lactic acid from muscle to blood, and metabolisme of lactate is all increased

86
Q

what system is used in long term energy?

A

Aerobic System

87
Q

what is Oxidative Phosphorilation?

A

Krebs cycle and the electric transport chain

88
Q

what are the requirements for long term energy?

A
  1. enought muscle mithochondria
  2. sufficient O2 supply
  3. enzymes and intermediate by-products are not rate limiting
89
Q

Oxygen transport:

A

lungs–> circulation–> muscle

increase ATP needs Increased O2

90
Q

true of false, cellular respiration is a limited function

A

true

91
Q

what is VO2 Max

A

maximal rate of o2 that can be consumed

additional energy produced anaerobically

92
Q

what are some factors that contribute to high VO2 max?

A

high arterial O2 content

Increased cardiac output (blood pumper per minute)

Larger O2 extraction by tissues

93
Q

what is the oxidative system?

A

long term energy system

94
Q

how does the oxidative system help with pain after intense exercise?`

A

its efficient lactic acid removal after intense exercise would reduce pain.

95
Q

the liver turns Lactic acid into what in the Cori Cycle?

A

coverted into glucose

96
Q

3 nergy systems :

which is most important?

A

phosphagen, glycotic and oxidative. Oxidative is the most important.

97
Q

contributions of each energy system depends on :

A

activity duration and intensity.

98
Q

3 layers of the heart:

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

99
Q

what is the path in and out of the heart?

A

blood going into right atrium, into right ventricle, into lungs via pulmonary artery, into lungs, back into left atria, into right ventricle to the body

100
Q

where is the pulmonary valve?

A

right ventricle leading into the pulmonary artery.

101
Q

where is the aortic valve?

A

left ventricle leading into the aorta.

102
Q

when do atrioventricular valves open?

A

when atria contract to direct blood flow into ventricles.

103
Q

where is the tricuspid valve?

A

right atrium leading into the right ventricle.

104
Q

where is the bicuspid valve?

A

left atra leading into the left ventricle.

105
Q

when do atrioventricular valves close?

A

when atria relax to prevent backflow.

106
Q

what is the sinus node (sinoatrial node)

A

called the pacemaker of the heart, it is what controls the heartrate located inside the right atrium. It generates nerve impluses and causes muscle walls to contract starting with the atria and finishing with the ventricle.

107
Q

what is systolic BP?

A

During ventricular contraction (systole)

How hard heart works

Strain against arterial walls during contraction

Normal: 120 mm Hg

108
Q

what is diastolic BP?

A

During heart relaxation (diastole)
Indicates peripheral BP (outside the heart)
Ease with which blood flows from arterioles to capillaries
Normal: 70-80 mm Hg

109
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood pumped into the aorta each minute.

110
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood (ml) pumped out of left ventricle per heartbeat

111
Q

what is heartrate?

A

rhythmical contraction of the heart walls

112
Q

how to calculate Maximum heart rate?

A

220-age (years)

113
Q

blood consists of:

A
  1. plasma
  2. Platelets
  3. White blood cells
  4. Red blood cells
114
Q

hematocrit:

A

percentage of blood made up of RBC

115
Q

RBC carry O2 from:

A

lungs-> body tissues

116
Q

RBC carry CO2 from

A

Body Tissues -> to lung

117
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

proteins and iron molecule inside RBC that binds to up to four O2

118
Q

what is “Partial pressure of O2 (PO2)

A

determines haemoglobin-oxygen binding

119
Q

what is “arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v O2) ?

A

Deffierence between O2 levels in blood leaving and returning to the lungs.

Measure of O2 being used by the body tissues

Rest: 4-5 ml O2/ decilitres blood

Excercise: 15 ml O2/ decilitre blood

120
Q

Reticulocytes are what?

A

Immature RBC

Produced in bone marrow (red marrow or large bone)

Tightly controlled with a hormone erythropoietin (EPO) produced by the kidneys

121
Q

transport of CO2 _____—_____—-_______——_____

A

tissues blood lungs air

122
Q

transport of CO2 helps regulate body’s :

A

Ionic equilibrium (chloride shift)

pH balance (bicarbonate buffer system)

123
Q

O2 uptake:

A

measured as VO2 - volume of oxygen consumed in a given amount of time

124
Q

increase energy requirements affect VO2 in what way ?

A

increases the need for more oxygen so VO@ needs to increase

125
Q

Cardiac outpput:

A

amount of bloof pumped by the heart each minute (into aorta)

Determines O2 volume delivered to tissues

126
Q

Hematocrit:

A

Concentration of red blood cells

Determines amount of O2 per a volume of blood

127
Q

O2 extraction:

A

ability of tissues to extract O2

Affected by mitochindria number and enzyme efficiency

128
Q

Capillarization

A

Number of cappillaries in tissue

affects the ability of cardiovascular system to place RBCs close to the working tissues

129
Q

What does the respiratory system do in short very simplistic way?q

A

Delivers oxygenated air to blood

Removes CO2 from blood

Regulates acid-base balance

130
Q

what does the conduction zone do in the respiratory system?

A

filters, humidifies, and adjusts air to body’s temperature

131
Q

what is the resiratory zone responsible for?

A

gas exchange

132
Q

what are the exercise effect on cardiorespiratory system?

A

increase of :

Cardiac output

Capillsry Supply

Blood Volume

Ventilation

133
Q

During exercise:
Body heat must be released by additional means
__% of energy released as heat

A

80

134
Q

Types and sources of Nutrients :

A

Macronutrients

Micronutrients

Water

Fibre

135
Q

what is the study of Nutrition?

A

study of food, helps teach us about healthy diet that contains adequate amounts of all essential nutrients

136
Q

what are Micronutrients?

A

vitamines (water soluble and fat soluble) and minerals (major and trace elements)

137
Q

what are macronutrients?

A

Proteins, fats and carbohyrates which provide energy and calories

138
Q

types of carbs:

A

Sugars and Starches

139
Q

types of Fats:

A

Saturated and unsaturated

Trans fat

Cholesterol

HDL and LDL

Triglycerides

140
Q

Types of proteins

A

Complete and Incomplete

141
Q

what is the primary source of energy, used by the body easily and quickly and also first:

A

Carbohydrates

142
Q

what kind of carbs are sugars?

A

Simple Carbohydrate

143
Q

What is the difference between monosacarides and disaccharides

A

mono’s are found in fruits veggies and honey and are alreay broken down but diasaccharies have to be broken down before being absorbed into the blood

144
Q

what kind of foods have starches?

A

Grains (pasta, bread, rice) vegetables and fruits

145
Q

what is the most concentrated form of energy?

A

fats

146
Q

fats aid absorbtion of fat-soluble vitamins, which vitamins?

A

A D E and K

147
Q

what is the composition of a triglyceride?

A

one glycerol with three fatty acids attached, which makes up most fats in our diets, bloodstream,

148
Q

why should Saturated fats be consumed in moderation?

A

because they are linked to high cholesterol and heart disease.

149
Q

Give some info regarding unsaturated fats

A

may lower cholesterol and protect against heart disease

dominant in plant oil

liquid at room tempature

have double bonds between carbon atoms in fatty acis

150
Q

How are trans fats produced and what types of foods are they found in?

A

Hydrogenation and they are found in junk food

151
Q

what does hydrogenation do?

A

turns double bonds into single bonds

yeilds more solid products and extends shelf life

152
Q

why is cholesterol good?

A

circulates in our blood stream and is essential componant of human tissue because it strengthens cell’s walls

needed for making nerve covering, hormones and vitamin D

153
Q

HDL and LDL (low-density lipoprotein and High-density Lipoprotein) which of the two is good and why?

A

HDL because it carries cholesterol back to the liver where it is removed from the body , It is good because high amounts can protect against heart disease

154
Q

where are proteins found?

A

in every living cell

155
Q

proteins are structural components necessary for building and repairing:

A 
Muscles
Bones 
Blood
Enzymes
Hormones
Cell membranes
156
Q

what are amino acids

A

they make up proteins

157
Q

when are proteins considered complete ?

A

if they contain all essential amino acids

158
Q

what types of foods would you find complete proteins?

A

Animal products, chickpeas ,quinoa, soy

159
Q

what types of foods would you find incomplete proteins in?

A

Many plant sources

160
Q

what does excessive intake of protein result to?

A

pissing it out

161
Q

what are vitamines required for?

A

in small amount for growth, reproduction, and health maintenance

162
Q

differnce between vitamins and minerals?

A

vitamines are organic and carbon containing and minerals are inorganice and do not contain carbon

163
Q

what is fibre?

A

a plant substance that cannot be digested

164
Q

what are the componants of the energy balance equation?

A

Energy intake
Basal Matabolic Rate

Thermic effect of food

Non-exercise activity thermogenesis

Thermic effect of physical activity
Excess post-exercise O2 consumption

165
Q

what does body composition refer to?

A

fat, muscle, bone and other organs

166
Q

what is the two componant model in Body Composition?

A

lean body mass and Total body fat

167
Q

what is Lean Body Mass?

A

Non-fat or fat-free componants like muscle bones and water

168
Q

what is fat body mass?

A

total body fat

169
Q

what is essential fat?

A

the fat required for normal functioning,

Stored in yellow marrow and organs/ muscles

3% males; 12% females

170
Q

what is storage fat?

A

subcutanous fat ans visceral fat that accumulates beneath skin and arround organs

everygy reserve incase of starvation

require for normal functioning

12% in males and 15%in women

171
Q

what is the equation for BMI?

A

weight (kg) / Height (m)squared

172
Q

what type of people ais the BMI not useful for?

A

babies, children, teenagers, pregnant women or very muscular people.

173
Q

how many ranges does BMI have?

A

underweight
Healthy/acceptable weight
Overweight

174
Q

what are some physical problem with Anorexia nervosa?

A

body metabolizes protein (from muscles and organs), hair loss, dry skin, amenorrhea, reduced bone mass, brittle nails, etc

175
Q

physical problems with bulimia nervosa

A

acid reflux and dental issues

176
Q

what is the science of biomechanics?

A

the science of biomechanics is the science that examines the forces acting upon and within a biological structure and the effects produced by such forces

177
Q

what is quantitive analysis?

A

using high tech intrumentation, usually intended for researchers

measuring variables to optimize athletic performance

178
Q

what is qualitative analysis?

A

using sight and hearing, usually dine by coaches and teachers to identify and correct errors

179
Q

what is kinmatics?

A

describing human motion without its forces

focused on motions spatial and timing characteristics

180
Q

what is kinetics?

A

describing forces leading to motion

consists of internal and external forces

181
Q

Differents measurements taking in kinematics:

A

position
displacement
velocity
acceleration

182
Q

what are the three models of human motion?

A

Partial model :
Dot represents center of mass, used when body or object is airborn and in flight (i.e. projectile motion)

Stick figure model;
Body segements =sticks, used when body in contact with other objects
. Describe gross motor skills in 2-D

Rigid body Segment model:
Used for sophisticated 3-D analyses, can include shape deformation of body segments

183
Q

types of motion:

A

Linear:
All body parts move same distance and direction at the same time (e.g. bobsled)

Angular:
Body moves on a circular path and rotates about axis of rotation (e.g. twisting somersault)

General:
Body/segments move linearly and rotate at the same time

184
Q

define force:

A

Force is any action, push or pull, that tends to cause an object to change its state of motion by experiencing acceleration

185
Q

what is linear motion?

A

force acting at the center of mass/ pivot point

186
Q

what is angular motion?

A

force not acting at the center of mass/ pivot point and result in torque

187
Q

what is a first class lever?

A

Applied force and resistance are on oposite sides of the axis

188
Q

what is a second class lever?

A

applied force and resistance on same side of axis; resistance closer to axis

189
Q

what is a third class lever?

A

applied force and resistance on same side of axis; force closer to the axis

190
Q

What is Newtons first law

A

“Objects will not change their state of motion unless acted on by an unbalanced external force”

191
Q

Whats newtons second law?

A

Objects will experience a change in velocity (acceleration) proportional to the unbalanced external force”

192
Q

What is Newtons third law?

A

“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; forces act in pairs that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction”

193
Q

what happens when training load = > elastic limit,

A

permanant failure of the tissue resulting in injury

194
Q

treatment vs rehab

A 
Treatment:
     Received by patient from a health care professional
Promotes healing
Improves quality of injured tissue
Allows quicker return to activity

Rehabilitation:
Therapist’s restoration of injured tissue + patient’s participation
Individualized for each person

195
Q

what are the ohases of healing?

A

inflammatory response phase (2-4 days)

Fibroblastic repair phase (hours-6weeks)

Maturation Remodelling Phase (3 weeks-years)

196
Q

what does the acronyn PRCCE (PRICE) stand for?

A

protect

rest

Cryotherapy
(decreases swelling bleeding pain and spasms)

Compression
(decreases swelling)

Elevation
(decreases swelling)

197
Q

what is the fibroblastic repair phase?

A

Repair and scar formation, collogen fibres are deposited by fibroblasts

198
Q

what is the maturation-remodeling phase?

A

remodeling or realigning of scar tissure

199
Q

sprain and strains measn the tissue is :

A

stretched or torn

200
Q

different grades of sparins and strains?

A

GRADE 1
Slightly stretched or torn; few muscle fibres

GRADE 2
Moderately stretched or torn, more muscle fibres

GRADE3
Complete rupture
Surgery required
E.g., ACL tear

201
Q

categories of dislocations:

A

partial dislocation or subluxation

complete dislocation

202
Q

types of fractures?

A

Simple fracture:
Stays within the surrounding soft tissue

Compound fracture:
Protrudes from the skin

Stress fracture:
Results from repeated low magnitude loads

Avulsion fracture:
Involves tendon or ligament pulling small chip of bone (more frequent in kids)

203
Q

what is tendonitis? what are the symptoms?

A

inflammation of tendon as a result of a small tear in the tendon.

Symptoms: pain, tenderness, sniffness near joint

204
Q

lateral epicondylitis is the sciency word for:

A

tennis elbow

205
Q

meadial epicondylitis is the sciency word for

A

gollfers and little league elbow

206
Q

patellar tendonitis is the sciency word for:

A

jumpers knee

KPER FINAL (2 decks)

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