Final Jeopardy Questions

Question 1

Treatment alternatives to antibiotics for Clostridia difficile infections involve transferring this substance are?

Answer 1

Feces

Question 2

Most abundant virus in sewage is?

Answer 2

Pepper mild mottled virus (also accepted, tomato and plant viruses).
crAssphage is most abundant phage in about half of all people, great human indicator in wastewater.

Question 3

Impact on virome for people who are taking immunosuppressants?

Answer 3

Increased viral load in blood.

Question 4

A common source of phage for phage therapy?

Answer 4

sewage (other environmental samples accepted).

Question 5

A difference between antibiotics and phage therapy?

Answer 5

specificity, antibiotics target a broader spectrum of bacteria while phage therapy targets more specific strain and is customizable.

Question 6

A difference between Enteroviruses and Coronaviruses is?

Answer 6

Size (both genome and virion… also enteroviruses are enveloped and very small vs. coronaviruses are not enveloped and bigger, and infectious route).

Question 7

In the 1950s, NYC people avoided swimming pools and movie theaters in the summer because of which virus?

Answer 7

Polio

Question 8

What virus is famous for causing outbreaks on cruise ships?

Answer 8

Norovirus

Question 9

There are two new antiviral drugs against SARS-COV-2, what are their mechanisms of action?

Answer 9

Molnupiravir- Cytosine analog that disrupts viral replication.
Paxlovid- protease inhibitor.

Question 10

How can the live poliovirus vaccine dangerous?

Answer 10

the live poliovirus vaccine can mutate and become a circulating vaccine derived poliovirus (cVDPV) and still cause this severe consequence.

Question 11

Being infected with what virus leads to vulnerability to many other pathogens through loss of immune memory?

Answer 11

Measles (often need to get all your vaccines again).

Question 12

When two influenza viruses infect the same host and reshuffle their genetic information what is that called?

Answer 12

Genetic shift (as opposed to drift)

Question 13

Humans are not typically vaccinated against ___ unless ___

Answer 13

1) rabies
2) Unless they are exposed through a animal bite (dog, raccoon, bat).

Question 14

What is the incubation period of rabies?

Answer 14

It varies (30-100 days) depending on how close this bite is to the brain; the virus travels through neurons.

Question 15

What host transmits both the hantavirus and Lassa virus?

Answer 15

Rodents

Question 16

Herpesvirus that is closely related to HSV1 and HSV2 but transmitted through air is?

Answer 16

Chicken Pox /Varicella Zoster

Question 17

What are the modes of replication for herpesviruses?

Answer 17

Plamsid and vegetative

Question 18

What viruses are ancient with evidence that they even infected Neanderthal/Denisovan populations?

Answer 18

Human Papilomaviruses (specifically HPV16, one of the main important onocgeneic strains that is vaccinated against with Gardasil).

Question 19

Herpesviruses have been used to harness the immune system against this disease?

Answer 19

Cancer (outside the scope of the class 2022)

Question 20

Disease that can be spread by shingles?

Answer 20

Varicella Zoster virus can spread from a person with active shingles to cause chicken pox disease in someone who has never had chickenpox disease or vaccination.

Question 21

What do retroviruses including HIV rely on?

Answer 21

reverse transcriptase

Question 22

Incubation of viral enzyme, RNA template and ____ (type of nucleotide) led to the surprising discovery of the genome composition of retroviruses.

Answer 22

Deoxyribonucelotides

Question 23

8% of the human genome is made of?

Answer 23

Endogenous retroviruses (outside the scope of class in 2022)

Question 24

While enterotoxins are typically found in pathogenic gut bacteria, the virus was surprisingly found to have one?

Answer 24

Rotavirus

Question 25

When someone says they never get sick with the stomach flu, it may be for this reason.

Answer 25

Fut2 secretor status (huan histo-blood group antigens, non-secrotrs less likely to be infected).

Question 26

This vaccine must be redesigned every year.

Answer 26

Influenza

Question 27

This disease has been eradicated by vaccine

Answer 27

Smallpox

Question 28

Surgical equipment that has been in contact with brain tissue can not be sterilized with _____ because _____

Answer 28

UV (or other methods for sterilizing infectious agents) because prions are really tough.
Prions have the tendency to misfold proteins in the brain and cause things like Mad Cow disease.

Question 29

The reason live virus is more effective as a vaccine is?

Answer 29

B/C live virus causing a real mini-infection triggers a more thorough immune response, activating both B cells which makes antibodies and T cells which can target and kill pathogens directly.

Question 30

Uneven distribution of how much any one individual transmits a pathogen is called a?

Answer 30

Super spreader