Final Jeopardy Questions Flashcards
Treatment alternatives to antibiotics for Clostridia difficile infections involve transferring this substance are?
Feces
Most abundant virus in sewage is?
Pepper mild mottled virus (also accepted, tomato and plant viruses).
crAssphage is most abundant phage in about half of all people, great human indicator in wastewater.
Impact on virome for people who are taking immunosuppressants?
Increased viral load in blood.
A common source of phage for phage therapy?
sewage (other environmental samples accepted).
A difference between antibiotics and phage therapy?
specificity, antibiotics target a broader spectrum of bacteria while phage therapy targets more specific strain and is customizable.
A difference between Enteroviruses and Coronaviruses is?
Size (both genome and virion… also enteroviruses are enveloped and very small vs. coronaviruses are not enveloped and bigger, and infectious route).
In the 1950s, NYC people avoided swimming pools and movie theaters in the summer because of which virus?
Polio
What virus is famous for causing outbreaks on cruise ships?
Norovirus
There are two new antiviral drugs against SARS-COV-2, what are their mechanisms of action?
Molnupiravir- Cytosine analog that disrupts viral replication.
Paxlovid- protease inhibitor.
How can the live poliovirus vaccine dangerous?
the live poliovirus vaccine can mutate and become a circulating vaccine derived poliovirus (cVDPV) and still cause this severe consequence.
Being infected with what virus leads to vulnerability to many other pathogens through loss of immune memory?
Measles (often need to get all your vaccines again).
When two influenza viruses infect the same host and reshuffle their genetic information what is that called?
Genetic shift (as opposed to drift)
Humans are not typically vaccinated against ___ unless ___
1) rabies
2) Unless they are exposed through a animal bite (dog, raccoon, bat).
What is the incubation period of rabies?
It varies (30-100 days) depending on how close this bite is to the brain; the virus travels through neurons.
What host transmits both the hantavirus and Lassa virus?
Rodents
Herpesvirus that is closely related to HSV1 and HSV2 but transmitted through air is?
Chicken Pox /Varicella Zoster
What are the modes of replication for herpesviruses?
Plamsid and vegetative
What viruses are ancient with evidence that they even infected Neanderthal/Denisovan populations?
Human Papilomaviruses (specifically HPV16, one of the main important onocgeneic strains that is vaccinated against with Gardasil).
Herpesviruses have been used to harness the immune system against this disease?
Cancer (outside the scope of the class 2022)
Disease that can be spread by shingles?
Varicella Zoster virus can spread from a person with active shingles to cause chicken pox disease in someone who has never had chickenpox disease or vaccination.
What do retroviruses including HIV rely on?
reverse transcriptase
Incubation of viral enzyme, RNA template and ____ (type of nucleotide) led to the surprising discovery of the genome composition of retroviruses.
Deoxyribonucelotides
8% of the human genome is made of?
Endogenous retroviruses (outside the scope of class in 2022)
While enterotoxins are typically found in pathogenic gut bacteria, the virus was surprisingly found to have one?
Rotavirus
When someone says they never get sick with the stomach flu, it may be for this reason.
Fut2 secretor status (huan histo-blood group antigens, non-secrotrs less likely to be infected).
This vaccine must be redesigned every year.
Influenza
This disease has been eradicated by vaccine
Smallpox
Surgical equipment that has been in contact with brain tissue can not be sterilized with _____ because _____
UV (or other methods for sterilizing infectious agents) because prions are really tough.
Prions have the tendency to misfold proteins in the brain and cause things like Mad Cow disease.
The reason live virus is more effective as a vaccine is?
B/C live virus causing a real mini-infection triggers a more thorough immune response, activating both B cells which makes antibodies and T cells which can target and kill pathogens directly.
Uneven distribution of how much any one individual transmits a pathogen is called a?
Super spreader
