Final form Intervention Essays

Question 1

Social Capital:

Answer 1

Creating positive feelings of unification, friendliness, and comfortability within a community. Social Capital acts as a mediator between the social determinants of health and the health of the community. It can increase the overall health of a community to a level that exceeds expectations set by their community’s social determinants.
Example: A community has many gas stations that advertise smoking tobacco. The community is worried about their youth using tobacco products so they work together to create an after school program that will engage the kids in more wholesome recreational activities.

Question 2

Social Determinants of Health:

Answer 2

The social gradient determines the health gradient within a community or society. Social determinants are factors within a community that cause or prevent the causes of disease and death. The relative income of our community compared to others in the area will determine the quality of life and the prevalence of disease causing factors.
Example: A man has little education because of his socioeconomic status this forces him to get a lower paying lower quality job that causes constant stress in his life. This chronic stress leads to addictive behaviors and eventually disease that lowers his quality of life.

Question 3

Behavioral Ecological Model:

Answer 3

A more in depth focus on the ecological model that explains and utilizes the levels of influence and how they can influence one another bidirectionally. It emphasizes how one level may indirectly affect another through the strategy of utilizing a level more applicable and consistently influential to the impact of individuals. Through this model change is made more possible and probable than through any model that only focuses on influencing the individual.

Question 4

Ecological Model:

Answer 4

A health behavior change model that focuses on an individual’s relationship with their environment and how that environment encourages or inhibits health behaviors. This model acknowledges the importance of constructs that target an individual’s desire and motivation to change, but emphasizes that the environmental factors surrounding that individual make the change possible or impossible depending on their quality, accessibility, and proximity. It includes five levels of an individual’s environment that contribute to their ability and desire to participate in healthy behavior change.

Question 5

Ecological model: Why Each Level is Relevant and Important to Behavior Change

Answer 5

Intrapersonal
Why: Adolescents who learn about the health effects and dangers of vaping, are educated on other coping mechanisms, and who gain the confidence they need to quit will be motivated to make the desired behavior change.
Interpersonal
Why: The influence of peers and family is fundamental at this point in a human’s life. A supporting group of trusted or admired individuals can make a big difference on an individual’s motivation and self efficacy for change. Educating peers and family members on how to encourage this behavior change will be vital to the success of the intervention.
Organizational:
Why: Accessibility, proximity, and quality of factors in their environment that have influence on this unhealthy habit and on creating new healthy habits will allow a motivated individual the opportunity to succeed in their desired behavior change.
Community:
Why: The culture of the community towards health behaviors will influence the organizational factors available to those trying to make a behavior change by motivating policy makers of the importance and demand for facilities and all environmental factors that make getting rid of this youthful addiction more simple and possible.
Policy:
Why: Policy makes restrictions and actions that can heavily influence the setting for behavior change and therefore the success of the behavior change itself. In this intervention proximity and promotion or vape products will be elements of the environment that policy can have a huge effect on and that will make a big difference in each individual’s ability to choose and sustain their behavior change.

Question 6

Health Belief Model:

Answer 6

A theory of health behavior change based on an individual’s perception. The focused perceptions include their susceptibility to disease or harm, the severity of the disease or harm, the capacity of a behavior to prevent disease or harm, and their own capability to overcome barriers and successfully perform a certain health behavior. This model targets the beliefs that a person holds about why, how, and if they should change their health behavior. It is used to see where the gap of information, education, and assistance lies in the behavior change process so the problem can be efficiently resolved.

Question 7

Applied Behavior Analysis:

Answer 7

The process of learning about or proving that a specific method is effective for helping individuals complete a desired behavior change. During the process of experimentation the relationship between methods and resulting behaviors are carefully analyzed. This process also deliberately examines the concepts behind observed methods of behavior change to repurpose them in changing or introducing other behaviors of related functions.

Question 8

Applied Behavior Analysis: Why positive Reinforcement is important:

Answer 8

Positive reinforcement is important because it creates a clear and immediate motivation for the participation in a certain behavior. It can be scaled to fit the difficulty of the behavior to be completed and still remain positive creating discipline in and enjoyment of the process of learning a new behavior.
It creates a positive relationship between the individual or interventional process encouraging a behavior change which is vital for a person to have an open mind towards the behavior change and trust in the process by which it is completed. It makes them more likely to want to participate in trying to change their behavior.
Healthy behavior changes always have a natural reinforcement that eventually becomes apparent. An artificial positive reinforcement can bridge the gap between beginning the behavior and enjoying the results creating a constant flow of motivation to allow the habit to take root. Once this habit reveals its natural reinforcers the artificial reinforcement is no longer needed. The subject is now independent in their new habit and the intervention is not required to give endless reinforcement to maintain their habit for them.
Positive reinforcement instead of negative motivates people to turn their heads towards the path of change because it has enticing rewards. Punishment turns people away because the naturally present fear of failure is intensified by a contingent threat.

Question 9

Transtheoretical Model:

Answer 9

A model of behavior change revolving around the stage of change an individual is at and how to best target their progression from that stage. It is a more focused and efficient approach that recognizes the process a person must go through to be ready to make and to make and maintain a behavior change. This model includes processes that encourage an individual’s development through the many stages of behavioral change.

Question 10

Trans theoretical Model: Processes of Change

Answer 10

Consciousness Raising: Making a population aware of the realities of a certain behavior and the risks and consequences that accompany it.

Dramatic Relief: An intervening tactic used to create an emotion attached to a certain behavior that will deter individuals from wanting to participate in it.

Self-reevaluation: Helping an individual understand how their unhealthy behavior is affecting them specifically.

Environmental Reevaluation: Educating an individual on how their unhealthy behavior is negatively affecting the people around them.

Counter Conditioning: Becoming educated on healthy coping mechanisms to increase resilience against triggers that encourage returning to an unhealthy habit.

Contingency/Reinforcement Management: Informing an individual of the consequences associated with reverting to an unhealthy behavior and placing reinforcements in their future life that are available only if they maintain their behavior change.

Stimulus Control: Learning to remove or change stimuli in an individual’s life that reinforce bad behavior and make maintaining a good health behavior more difficult.

Question 11

Theory of Planned Behavior:

Answer 11

The theory that a person’s intentions to do a certain behavior are reflected in their actions of doing or not doing that behavior. Our intentions are affected by our attitudes towards the behavior, the influence of others on our behavioral decisions, and our perceived ability to complete a certain behavior despite obstacles. When we focus on intervening with intention development instead of the outcome development, the behavior change is more profound and permanent.

Question 12

Social Cognitive Theory:

Answer 12

The idea that your behavior is based on observational learning and the influence of others. An important part of this is the way you perceive or interpret these influences in the setting of behavior change. This theory is based on the reality of internal and external influences on our behaviors
The Triadic Model: A visual triangular diagram used to display the idea that our behavior, individualities, and environmental influences all influence each other and contribute to the efficacy of a behavior change intervention.
Example: A young woman is extremely obese. She believes diet culture is an unhealthy solution, and she should eat what her body tells her it wants. Her current eating habits revolve around fat based calories, and she is living at home with her family who have similar views and health issues. Addressing her distaste for diet culture, her home environment, and her current eating habits are all vital to helping her reach her goal of losing weight and feeling healthier. Without addressing each corner of her triangle, the intervention is weak and makes it harder for her to change.

Question 13

Self Efficacy

Answer 13

• The belief we have in our capability to accomplish a certain behavior

Question 14

Types of Social Capital:

Answer 14

Bridging: Connecting people in the community with varied interests, beliefs, opinions, etc. in order to bring the population together for the health and good of everyone.
Example: A community makes an effort to hold weekly service activities in the park to bring the whole community together in fun and service. This way everyone can interact and become familiar while they work together for a common goal.
Bonding: Connecting people in the community within their groups of interests, religions, political ideas, etc. Creating social and physical spaces for people to come together and enjoy, entertain, worship, learn, and connect.
Example: A library in a community offers up its meeting spaces for free to community clubs of varied interests. This allows more people to gather and participate in these groups where friendship and connections within the community are made.

Question 15

Social Determinants of Health: Determinants

Answer 15

1. The Social Gradient: Socioeconomic status coincides with risk of death and disease. Low income populations are at greater risk and their health disadvantages accumulate over time.
   Example: A boy has grown up in a house in which mold is growing because it was a cheaper living option, and his father has a low income job. This living situation eventually led him to contract chronic pneumonia.
2. Stress: Chronic stress caused by many factors of life especially in low income households can put individuals at greater risk for disease.
   Example: A single mother works long hours trying to provide for her two children. She is constantly stressed about not being with her children enough or earning enough money for them to be healthy and happy.
3. Early Life: Unhealthy conditions during a child’s early life can cause lasting problems and problem causing habits.
   Example: Tom grew up entertaining himself through television and was very inactive for the first seven years of his life. Because of this his metabolism is slowed and he is at greater risk for type 2 diabetes.
4. Social Exclusion: Community attitude, culture or policy that excludes certain groups or traits from normal participation in society. This can cause many health issues but especially chronic stress.
   Example: Erica just moved to South Carolina from Argentina and wants to participate in new motherhood classes in her community, but she is afraid her native accent will make her hard to understand and exclude her from other mothers participating within her community.
5. Work: The work situation at which an individual spends hours each day can heavily affect their health. Autonomy, low risk/high quality working conditions, and a stable employment situation can make the work environment a safer place that does not put employees at risk for disease or death.
   Example: Karla works in a factory where they make insulation because it is the only job she could find that requires no education. She is worried the fiberglass from this insulation will be inhaled into her lungs and cause problems with her health.
6. Unemployment: Losing your job and searching for a new one comes with financial and mental stresses that can lead to disease and death.
   Example: Amelio lost his job a year ago and the market is really tough right now. He is stressed about his situation and his ability to find financial stability again.
7. Social Support: Strong social support systems can help relieve chronic stress and assist an individual mentally, emotionally, and financially. Without a support system of friends and family, stress is likely to increase to unhealthy levels and put individuals at risk for disease.
   Example: Tina loses her house because she could not pay it off. Her mom invites her to stay in her home while she gets back on her feet. This relieves Tina’s stresses and puts her in close proximity to a loving family member that will help her work through her struggles.
8. Addiction: Community settings and socioeconomic status have a lot to do with the likelihood of an individual to develop addictive behavior. It can be used as a coping mechanism for chronic stress and result in many different kinds of disease including substance dependency itself.
   Example: Forrest’s community has many access points to buy tobacco products. One day he is especially sad and decides to buy a pack of cigarettes. Smoking becomes a coping habit for Forrest and over time leads to lung cancer.
9. Food: Different communities provide access to different kinds of food to successfully cater to their socioeconomic demographic. Undernourishment is more common in low income communities and can lead to disease.
   Example: A single father has no time to make dinner for his children so he buys them fast food each evening for dinner. They grow accustomed to this eating habit and are undernourished in important heart healthy nutrients.
10. Transportation: Good public transportation provides access to more job opportunities and provides opportunities for walking activity. Some individuals do not have access to a car or can not drive the distance to important health improving opportunities such as better jobs, gyms, etc.
    Example: Cleo applied for a new job with higher income and better benefits on the other side of her city. She was chosen for the position, but her car is broken down and she has no money to fix it. Luckily her city offers cheap public transportation that allows her to take the job and improve her family’s quality of life.

Question 16

Levels of Behavioral Ecological Model:

Answer 16

1. Individual: The ability, attitude, knowledge, self efficacy, and motivation of an individual to participate in healthy behavior changes.
   Example: A woman attends a class on proper feminine hygiene and learns how to take care of her body during her menstrual cycle. This new knowledge about the importance of and how to process greatly increases the possibility of her participating in this new health behavior.
2. Local Network:The influence of parents, family, peers, or any other human on an individual’s likelihood to participate in healthy or unhealthy behaviors.
   Example: A mother teaches her children that vaccines can cause autism, so when her children grow up they refuse to vaccinate their own children even though vaccinations do not cause or put their children at risk for developing autism.
3. Community: Local cultural norms or socioeconomic tendencies that affect the availability of organizational factors that encourage positive health behavior change.
   Example: A community has many low income working parents making it difficult for them to make or buy healthy foods for their families because they have to work longer hours to pay for their needs and have less money to spend on fresh whole foods.
4. Society: The larger culture and ruling laws of a people that invisibly rule the habits, actions, and tendencies of communities and individuals.
   Example: An area of Texas is very religious. The society in this area frowns upon sporting events held on Sunday, because the common religious belief is that it is a sacred day of rest to be spent with families. This societal belief based on the opinion of the majority influences many communities within the society to create policies banning sport games on Sundays.
5. Hierarchical or Cascading Contingency: Behavior change is contingent on the natural or facilitated alignment of factors within different levels of the ecological model. Without necessary changes or factors within each level of the environment the behavior change will never reach the individual. Society changes affect the community changes affect the local network’s changes affect the individuals changes, but cascading contingencies can flow in many different directions.
   Example: A community policy bans drinking alcohol at their local beach because they want to make it a family friendly safe space. Individuals avoid drinking at the beach for fear of the fine and being judged by individuals within their community and local network. The majority of the community is glad about and helped influence this change of policy.

Question 17

Levels of Ecological Model:

Answer 17

Intrapersonal: The ability, attitude, knowledge, self efficacy, and motivation of an individual to participate in healthy behavior changes.
Example: A woman attends a class on proper feminine hygiene and learns how to take care of her body during her menstrual cycle. This new knowledge about the importance of and how to process greatly increases the possibility of her participating in this new health behavior.
Interpersonal: The influence of parents, family, peers, or any other human on an individual’s likelihood to participate in healthy or unhealthy behaviors.
Example: A mother teaches her children that vaccines can cause autism, so when her children grow up they refuse to vaccinate their own children even though vaccinations do not cause or put their children at risk for developing autism.
Organizational: Physical factors in the environment that contribute to community’s participation in healthy or unhealthy behaviors.
Example: A community wants to increase their physical activity levels to improve heart health in the area, so they build a beautiful park with high quality amenities in hopes that it will motivate people to get outside and move every day.
Community: Local cultural norms or socioeconomic tendencies that affect the availability of organizational factors that encourage positive health behavior change.
Example: A community has many low income working parents making it difficult for them to make or buy healthy foods for their families because they have to work longer hours to pay for their needs and have less money to spend on fresh whole foods.
Policy: Laws, rules, and restrictions or the lack thereof that affect the environment’s ability to encourage healthy and discourage unhealthy behaviors.
Example: A new policy is made in a city that liquor shops can not be located within three miles of suburban housing in hopes of decreasing the number of teens drinking alcohol because of ease of access.

Question 18

Constructs of Health Belief Model:

Answer 18

Perceived Susceptibility: An individual’s belief about how likely a specific behavior is to cause them harm or give them a disease.
Example: A man smokes four cigarettes every morning. He knows that some people get lung cancer from smoking tobacco cigarettes, but he believes that because he eats a good amount of vegetables every day, he is not likely to get that disease.
Perceived Severity: An individual’s belief about the effects and life changes that come with developing a disease or symptom of poor health behaviors.
Example: Garner has been drinking two sodas every day for as long as he can remember. He eventually develops type 2 diabetes. He did not know all of the pains, worries, and maintenance that came with this disease and he regrets the habit that led him to contract it.
Perceived Benefits: An individual’s belief about the effectiveness that performing a specific health behavior has in helping prevent disease or harm.
Example: Celine attends a class on cancer screening and comes away with strong beliefs in its ability to decrease the chances of dying from cancer. She decides to get screened once a year because she believes in the benefits of this health behavior.
Perceived Barriers: The various barriers an individual believes will prevent them from participating in a specific health behavior.
Example: A mother wants her children to be vaccinated against polio, but she has no insurance and the cost of the vaccine is more than she is financially able to cover.
Modifying Influences: Factors in an individual’s life that motivate them to perform or neglect certain health behaviors.
Example: Sam’s sister contracted AIDS when she was twenty-five because of unsafe sex practices. Sam has seen the effects that this disease has had on his sister’s life and always practices safe sex behaviors to prevent himself from suffering through that experience.
Cues to Action: Any practice or information that helps an individual want and need to participate in healthy behavior.
Example: Rebecca has a goal to exercise before work five mornings every week. She sets a reminder every morning for 6:30am that says, “Workout for 30 minutes”. This simple cue helps her to successfully remember and execute her goal.
Self Efficacy: The confidence of an individual in their capability to perform a certain behavior.
Example: Mark believes he can eat 80% of his grains as whole grains every day. He has had experience with making whole grain bread and involves whole grains into most of his recipes. Although they do not taste as good as and are more expensive than stripped grains, he is confident that he will be capable of reaching his goal.

Question 19

Applied Behavior Analysis: 3 Term Contingency:

Answer 19

Antecedent Stimulus: The motivation or stimulus that asks or causes a person to do a certain behavior.
Example: A restaurant has a sign in each bathroom inviting the employees to wash their hands before returning to work.
Response: The behavior completed because of the invitation of the antecedent stimulus.
Example: Employees leaving the bathroom see the sign and wash their hands thoroughly.
Consequence: The desired consequence of the response behavior possibly solicited by the antecedent stimulus.
Example: The sign is placed in the bathroom in hopes that the employees will wash their hands and therefore decrease food borne illnesses caused by poor hygiene habits within the restaurant.

Question 20

Applied Behavior Analysis Constructs/Topics:

Answer 20

Behaviors exist because they serve a purpose: The function of the behavior matters far more than the topography because the function motivates the behavior. As long as the function is a need or desire for the subject the behavior will be also.
Example: A girl named Carol loves to play on her phone after school because it gives her a mental break, however her phone habits have become unhealthy, and her mom takes away her phone as soon as she comes home in hopes of her starting a new habit for after school relaxation. Because the function of wanting to relax after school is still present, but not met with phone entertainment, the girl creates a new habit of watching television. Making the intervention against overuse of technology unsuccessful.
New behaviors that serve a purpose can be developed easily: Targeting the function allows the intervention the useful strategy of creating a new behavior that meets the functional need and therefore replaces the poor health behavior. New healthy behaviors that serve an existing desired purpose are easy to make habitual.
Example: Carol’s mom organizes a book club with girls Carol’s age once a week after school and makes Carol a snack when she reads the book club book instead of using her phone to relax after school. The new book club and reading habit fulfill Carol’s desired function and support using a healthy amount of technology throughout the day. Carol quickly develops this habit because it fulfills her needs in a healthy way.
Practice is important in developing new behaviors: Through practice we learn the link between a behavior and its correlating reinforcement. This will increase the desire to repeat the behavior, and repetition of the behavior will make it an important part of our lives and character. There is great stability in a behavior once it becomes a habit
Example: Carol is not used to reading after school, but after a few weeks of practicing this behavior each day it becomes natural to her and is something she misses when she does not have time.
Coercion interferes with learning and uptake of new behaviors: Punishment does not teach a new behavior. It reprimands and discourages an old one. It can never be used to encourage or inspire both of which are required to learn and desire to participate in a new behavior. Punishment or coercion can create emotional stress and distrust for those trying to help inspire change.
Example: Carol’s mom’s initial action to punish Carol for her overuse of technology was ineffective because it did not help Carol to create a new healthy behavior and weakened the relationship between Carol and her mom. Carol quickly replaced the phone time with television making this interventional action ineffective.

Question 21

Tanstheoretical Model: Stages of Change:

Answer 21

Precontemplation: The state of not yet thinking about or having a desire to change.
Example: A woman is addicted to cigarettes. People ask her if she will ever quit, but she refuses, saying it is an important therapy in her life and the health consequences are not likely to affect her personally.
Contemplation: Wanting to change, but not acting upon that desire because of life circumstances.
Example: An obese young man takes a class on nutrition and learns the benefits of decreasing saturated fats, sugars, and salt in his diet. He realizes this would be a great behavior for him to implement, but his parents are getting a stressful divorce and he feels incapable of letting go of the comfort of fattening foods in his life right now.
Preparation: Making actions that lead to the desired behavior change.
Example: An adolescent boy has been thinking about stopping his use of stimulant drugs, and decides to go see a counselor that can help him get sober. 
Action: Trying to change, delete, or develop a behavior.
Example: A man addicted to alcohol takes the monumental step to stop drinking and wants to maintain this habit and remain sober for the rest of his life.
Maintenance: Maintaining the positive behavior change previously made. 
Example: A young man changes friend groups because despite his new habit and requests to his friends to stop offering him cigarettes, they still provide a trigger in his life that makes him want to regress to his old habit of smoking.

Question 22

Theory of Planned Behavior Constructs:

Answer 22

Behavior intentions: Our thoughts about whether or not we will participate in a certain behavior that directly correlate with how likely we are to complete that behavior. These intentions are built on many internal and external factors.
Attitudes toward behavior: How our beliefs about a certain behavior affect our intentions toward doing it.
Behavioral Beliefs: Our beliefs about the outcomes that are caused by certain behaviors
Outcome Evaluations: The importance of the associated outcome of a behavior to us and the effect that has on our intention to participate in that behavior.
Subjective Norms: What the most influential people in our lives think about us doing a certain behavior and how that affects our intentions of doing it.
Normative Beliefs: Your perception of the opinions the influential people in your life have about you doing a behavior.
Motivation to Comply: How much weight these influencing opinions hold on our decision to do or quit this behavior.
Perceived Behavioral Control: How confident we are in our ability to complete a behavior and overcome obstacles that oppose us in this action.
Control Beliefs: Our beliefs about the possibility of opposing factors in our environment stopping us from engaging in a behavior.
Perceived Power: How we think the opposing factors will affect us and how capable we will be in overcoming them.

Question 23

Social cognitive Theory Constructs

Answer 23

1. Knowledge: Gaining important perspective and knowledge relevant to the goal of behavior change
   Example: Jack wants to eat healthier, so he has recently learned how to read and understand the Nutrition Facts label. He uses his knowledge to only purchase foods that will contribute to a nutrient dense diet.
2. Situational Perception: Our perception of the reality of our environment
   Example: A mom frequently tells her daughter about all the crazy times she had in college when she and her friends participated in binge drinking. Her daughter learns from these stories that it is very normal to be a binge drinker in college and have crazy experiences of her own. Showing the daughter the realities of the effects of drinking in college and the real number of successful individuals who take part in these activities would help her to see more clearly the reality of the role this behavior should play in her life.
3. Outcome Expectations: How a person thinks and feels about the outcome to their behavior change
   Example: Teaching a young adult athlete about how eating more nutrient dense food will give them more energy to compete and live well is a great motivator to them. This is a result they are interested in that will remind them daily to maintain this habit.
4. Outcome Expectancies: The value a person places on the results of the desired behavior change
   Example: Tim, a 7 year old boy, does not want to eat the leafy greens his mom includes in dinner. His parents try to entice him by telling him it will increase the iron in his blood to healthy levels. This does not resonate with Tim and he still refuses. His parents try again telling him that the leafy greens will make him grow tall and strong. Tim really cares about being strong, so he eats every bit of greens, hopeful about what it will do for him in the future.
5. Environment: The life settings a person is exposed to regularly (physical and social)
   Example: A young woman used to do ballet, but now she is very inactive and it is affecting her health. A new dance studio is built down the street. She signs up for classes and becomes healthier through her daily habit of physical exercise.
6. Self-Efficacy: Our confidence in our individual strength to do a certain behavior
   Example: a man wants to run a marathon. He is not sure he can do it, but he begins by running two miles every day and increasing by one mile every week. Two weeks before the marathon he runs twenty miles. He now feels very confident in his ability to run a full marathon
7. Reinforcement: The use of positive consequences to motivate a specific behavior
   Example: Karina wants to eat healthier. Her nutritionist emails her a file of recipes for really delicious nutrient dense meals. The great taste of these foods and the accomplished feeling Karina gets for preparing herself good food act as reinforcements and strengthen her new healthy eating habit.

Question 24

Self Efficacy Steps:

Answer 24

Mastery Experience: The idea that people are more likely to participate in a behavior if they have done well in this or a similar behavior in the past.
Importance: Relating desired behavior changes to past experience is a great way to fortify confidence in our own abilities. We know that we grow stronger by working to be better at certain behaviors, and if some of that strength from past behavior change experience can apply to the present and kick start our journey we feel much more excited and prepared to embark.
Vicarious Experience: We learn through observing the people around us. This experience has a greater effect on behavior change when the people we observe are similar to us and successful.
Importance: Seeing someone similar to us experiment with behavior change and succeed is like seeing Thomas Edison’s light bulb turn on for the first time and believing that turning electric energy into light is possible. The course has just been run before us and others have made it to the end. Seeing what others have done and are doing to improve is a great way to scope out and gain confidence in what might be possible for us to accomplish.
Verbal Persuasion: The idea that when we support and encourage each other verbally, we help in the behavior change process. This is more effective when the person encouraging us is similar to or very important to us. It is also essential that the encouragement being given is realistic, taking into account the individual’s current abilities.
Importance: Words from someone who has experience or whom we trust and love can be powerful in our lives. When we want to change a behavior and we hear encouraging words from someone we respect, it drives us to have the courage to keep trying and gives us new and realistic ideas about how we can be successful. We also feel supported which is important in any period of change or growth.
Somatic and Emotional States or Influences: The idea that it is more difficult to participate in behavior change when we are at a difficult or stressful period of life.
Importance: Taking into account a person’s current emotional and life state is a valuable tool in helping motivate behavior change. Stress is distracting, exhausting, and a limitation to the behavior change process, but knowing our limitations before we decide to do anything difficult gives us a greater chance of success.