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Final for Hx of Med (lectures 1-5 +13) > Final for Hx of Med > Flashcards

Final for Hx of Med Flashcards

1
Q

Egypt’s disease model

A

humans are born healthy but attacked by demons and intestinal putrefaction

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2
Q

temple sleep

A

incubation (Egypt)

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3
Q

Imhotep

A

ancestor of modern physicians

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4
Q

Georg Ebers papyrus

A

most important and oldest surviving medical text

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5
Q

Asclepius

A

son of Apollo, the “blameless physician” in The Iliad

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6
Q

epilepsy

A

the “sacred disease”

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7
Q

Greeks new many diseases

A

fevers, epilepsy, amenorrhea, puerperal fever, dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, varicella, diphtheria

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8
Q

Athenian plague

A

killed thousands in Greece and possible Egypt, cost Athens war with Sparta

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9
Q

iatroi

A

‘healers’ in Greek Antiquity

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10
Q

Asclepiads

A

Arose in Greek Antiquity, claimed ancestry to Asclepuis

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11
Q

Asclepion

A

temples of priest healing (most important were Epidouros and Cos [birthplace of Hippocrates])

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12
Q

Abatons

A

private areas for pilgrims

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13
Q

Votives

A

small effigies of affected part left by pilgrims on Asclepion walls as testaments to healing

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14
Q

Empedocles

A

all things composed of elements: earth, air, fire, water

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15
Q

Alcmaeon of Croton

A

first suggested health was equilibrium between opposing body “humors”, first human dissection (described optic nerve)

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16
Q

Hippocrates

A

“Father of Medicine” in Greek Medicine, “primum non nocere” was his primary tenet

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17
Q

Corpus Hippocraticum

A

many emphasize the patient not the illness, clear foundation of Western medicine - rejects the idea that gods cause disease, calls for “expectative therapy”, comparing microcosm to macrocosm

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18
Q

Chymoi

A

four “humors” (yellow bile, blood, phlegm, black bile)

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19
Q

regimen

A

Hippocratic medicine - proper diet, enough sleep, exercise

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20
Q

Hippocratic medicine placed most emphasis on:

A

prognosis and expectative therapy (disapproved of heroic interventions or risky procedures)

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21
Q

Yellow bile

A

excess causes summer dysentry and vomiting

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22
Q

Phlegm

A

causes winter colds and other diseases

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23
Q

Blood

A

associated with life; plentiful in springtime

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24
Q

Alexandria

A

became capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and a world center of education (Hellenistic Medicine)

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25
Q

Herophilus

A

Greek founder of the Alexandrian med school, dissected human cadavers (arteries contain blood, nerves from brain cause body motion, first to study pulse)

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26
Q

Erasistratus

A

called the body a machine, dissected human cadavers (described heart valves), brain was seat of intelligence, heart functioned as a pump, denied teleology

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27
Q

Medici

A

wealthy, slaves, and soldiers were most likely to receive care from them (physicians) [Rome]

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28
Q

Galen of Pergamum

A

most influential of the “ancients”, many beliefs lasted 2000 years, dissected animals (got many things wrong), transformed art of medicine with science

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29
Q

rete mirale

A

Galen’s mistake about the human brain (this does not exist)

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30
Q

pnuema

A

vital spirit - mistake by Galen about how air mixed with blood to form this

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31
Q

Ayurveda

A

ayus = life, veda = system of knowledge

-knowledge of life

32
Q

Hinduism “dissection”

A

sunk body in river for 7 days (susruta recommended), separate decaying tissues with feather

33
Q

Charaka Samhita

A

Charaka = wandering religious student, Samhita = collection, first to describe digestion, metabolism and immunity

34
Q

Three dosha of Charak Samhita

A

movement, transformation, lubrication and stability

35
Q

Salya-cikitsakas

A

surgeons

36
Q

kaya-cikitsakas

A

physicians

37
Q

4 qualities of good ayurvedic physicians

A

theoretical knowledge, clarity of reasoning, wide clinical experience, personal skill

38
Q

8 branches of Aryurveda

A

internal medicine, surgery, eyes/ears/nose/throat, pediatrics, toxicology, purification of the genetic organs, health and longetivity, spiritual healing/psychiatry

39
Q

Shih Huang-ti

A

emperor who destroyed lots of important medical writings, had his doc write the “Nei Ching”

40
Q

Core beliefs of Chinese Medicine

A

unity of nature, yin-yang, theory of the 5 phases, theory of systematic correspondences

41
Q

Nei Ching

A

“bible” of traditional Chinese healing (Qi Bo)

42
Q

Mo Ching

A

the Pulse Classic

43
Q

Sphygmology

A

study of the pulse (rejected venisection)

44
Q

Yin

A

dark element, feminine, night, water and earth

45
Q

Yang

A

bright element, masculine, day, fire and wind

46
Q

Moxa

A

warm regions and acupuncture points, said to stimulation circulation of the life force (mugwort and wormwood)

47
Q

Chinese Materia Medica

A

rhubarb (diarrhea), iron (anemia), cannabis sativa (sedation), chaulmoogra oil (leprosy), ephedra vulgaris (asthma), rauwoldia (reserpine), ginseng

48
Q

nosokomeia

A

“hospitals” - Christian church’s charitable mission

49
Q

The Articella

A

“Little Art of Medicine” - a new canon in which Galen predominated, turning point in reviving medical learning in Medieval

50
Q

Oribasius

A

collected excerpts of Galen and simplified them into his own work

51
Q

Paul of Aegina

A

“seven books of medicine” is medical encyclopedia referring mostly to Galen

52
Q

Hospitals in the Middle Ages

A

probably most important medical innovation - grew out of Christian monasteries charitable mission plus Islamic example

53
Q

Medicine becoming a distinct profession in Medieval medicine

A

standardized curricula, formalized education, examinations, licensing

54
Q

Bubonic plague

A

“The Black Death”, killed 25% of Europe

55
Q

Leprosy

A

Hansen disease - “unclean” in bible stories, resulted in “lazarettos”

56
Q

jinn

A

health/illness attributed to spirits (evil eye)

57
Q

Bayt al-Hikma

A

“House of Wisdom” established in Baghdad 832 under Hunayn ibn Ishaq

58
Q

Madrasas

A

institution of religious learning in Islam

59
Q

Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius)

A

“The Sheikh of Translators”, also wrote Medical Questions (Liber Ysagogarum) [later incorporated into Articella]

60
Q

Rhazes

A

often hailed as the greatest clinician of the Islamic world, Al-Mansuri (ten treatises on all aspects of medical practice)

61
Q

Avicenna

A

“The Islamic Galen”, 1st physician to write entire philosophy (Qanan) in Arabic - this eventually became the authority on medicine

62
Q

Maimonides

A

leading light in Islamic medicine, rabbi, philosopher

63
Q

bimaristan

A

“place for sick people” - first true hospital, Islamic hospitals became model for later European hospitals

64
Q

New Idea and Inventions in Renaissance

A

politics, art, printing, gunpowder, compass

65
Q

Desiderius Erasmus

A

ispired the Aldine Press edition of Galen lead to Galen revival in the Renaissance

66
Q

Johan Guenther von Andernach

A

published newly discovered On Anatomical Procedures by Galen, resulted in broad reappraisal of dissection

67
Q

Jacobus Sylvius

A

believed deeply in Galen and Hippocrates’ ideas - virulent opponent of his student, Andreas Vesalius

68
Q

Andre van Wesele (Andres Vesalius)

A

refuted several of Galen’s anatomic concepts

69
Q

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

A

written by Andrea Vesalius - caused a revolution in anatomy, three important concepts: anatomist should perform his own dissection, eye is preferred over reference to authority, anatomy is the key to medicine

70
Q

Influence of the Fabrica

A

medicine more about looking inside the body, spurred many to dissect

71
Q

What did Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus) do that caused him to leave town under fire and abandon his own work?

A

He burned Avicenna’s Qanun in public

72
Q

Paracelsus

A

“Father of Pharmacology” [like cures like (homeopathy)]

73
Q

Paracelsians

A

appealed to reformers, iconoclasts, and rebels against Galenic medicine

74
Q

Ambroise Pare

A

“The Father of Surgery”, “I dressed the wound but God healed the patient”

75
Q

Colombo

A

pulmonary circulation

76
Q

Cesalpino

A

heart valve actions, first to use the term circulatio

77
Q

Frabicius

A

venous valves

Final for Hx of Med (lectures 1-5 +13) (2 decks)

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