Final for Hx of Med Flashcards
Egypt’s disease model
humans are born healthy but attacked by demons and intestinal putrefaction
temple sleep
incubation (Egypt)
Imhotep
ancestor of modern physicians
Georg Ebers papyrus
most important and oldest surviving medical text
Asclepius
son of Apollo, the “blameless physician” in The Iliad
epilepsy
the “sacred disease”
Greeks new many diseases
fevers, epilepsy, amenorrhea, puerperal fever, dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, varicella, diphtheria
Athenian plague
killed thousands in Greece and possible Egypt, cost Athens war with Sparta
iatroi
‘healers’ in Greek Antiquity
Asclepiads
Arose in Greek Antiquity, claimed ancestry to Asclepuis
Asclepion
temples of priest healing (most important were Epidouros and Cos [birthplace of Hippocrates])
Abatons
private areas for pilgrims
Votives
small effigies of affected part left by pilgrims on Asclepion walls as testaments to healing
Empedocles
all things composed of elements: earth, air, fire, water
Alcmaeon of Croton
first suggested health was equilibrium between opposing body “humors”, first human dissection (described optic nerve)
Hippocrates
“Father of Medicine” in Greek Medicine, “primum non nocere” was his primary tenet
Corpus Hippocraticum
many emphasize the patient not the illness, clear foundation of Western medicine - rejects the idea that gods cause disease, calls for “expectative therapy”, comparing microcosm to macrocosm
Chymoi
four “humors” (yellow bile, blood, phlegm, black bile)
regimen
Hippocratic medicine - proper diet, enough sleep, exercise
Hippocratic medicine placed most emphasis on:
prognosis and expectative therapy (disapproved of heroic interventions or risky procedures)
Yellow bile
excess causes summer dysentry and vomiting
Phlegm
causes winter colds and other diseases
Blood
associated with life; plentiful in springtime
Alexandria
became capital of Ptolemaic Egypt and a world center of education (Hellenistic Medicine)
Herophilus
Greek founder of the Alexandrian med school, dissected human cadavers (arteries contain blood, nerves from brain cause body motion, first to study pulse)
Erasistratus
called the body a machine, dissected human cadavers (described heart valves), brain was seat of intelligence, heart functioned as a pump, denied teleology
Medici
wealthy, slaves, and soldiers were most likely to receive care from them (physicians) [Rome]
Galen of Pergamum
most influential of the “ancients”, many beliefs lasted 2000 years, dissected animals (got many things wrong), transformed art of medicine with science
rete mirale
Galen’s mistake about the human brain (this does not exist)
pnuema
vital spirit - mistake by Galen about how air mixed with blood to form this
Ayurveda
ayus = life, veda = system of knowledge
-knowledge of life
Hinduism “dissection”
sunk body in river for 7 days (susruta recommended), separate decaying tissues with feather
Charaka Samhita
Charaka = wandering religious student, Samhita = collection, first to describe digestion, metabolism and immunity
Three dosha of Charak Samhita
movement, transformation, lubrication and stability
Salya-cikitsakas
surgeons
kaya-cikitsakas
physicians
4 qualities of good ayurvedic physicians
theoretical knowledge, clarity of reasoning, wide clinical experience, personal skill
8 branches of Aryurveda
internal medicine, surgery, eyes/ears/nose/throat, pediatrics, toxicology, purification of the genetic organs, health and longetivity, spiritual healing/psychiatry
Shih Huang-ti
emperor who destroyed lots of important medical writings, had his doc write the “Nei Ching”
Core beliefs of Chinese Medicine
unity of nature, yin-yang, theory of the 5 phases, theory of systematic correspondences
Nei Ching
“bible” of traditional Chinese healing (Qi Bo)
Mo Ching
the Pulse Classic
Sphygmology
study of the pulse (rejected venisection)
Yin
dark element, feminine, night, water and earth
Yang
bright element, masculine, day, fire and wind
Moxa
warm regions and acupuncture points, said to stimulation circulation of the life force (mugwort and wormwood)
Chinese Materia Medica
rhubarb (diarrhea), iron (anemia), cannabis sativa (sedation), chaulmoogra oil (leprosy), ephedra vulgaris (asthma), rauwoldia (reserpine), ginseng
nosokomeia
“hospitals” - Christian church’s charitable mission
The Articella
“Little Art of Medicine” - a new canon in which Galen predominated, turning point in reviving medical learning in Medieval
Oribasius
collected excerpts of Galen and simplified them into his own work
Paul of Aegina
“seven books of medicine” is medical encyclopedia referring mostly to Galen
Hospitals in the Middle Ages
probably most important medical innovation - grew out of Christian monasteries charitable mission plus Islamic example
Medicine becoming a distinct profession in Medieval medicine
standardized curricula, formalized education, examinations, licensing
Bubonic plague
“The Black Death”, killed 25% of Europe
Leprosy
Hansen disease - “unclean” in bible stories, resulted in “lazarettos”
jinn
health/illness attributed to spirits (evil eye)
Bayt al-Hikma
“House of Wisdom” established in Baghdad 832 under Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Madrasas
institution of religious learning in Islam
Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius)
“The Sheikh of Translators”, also wrote Medical Questions (Liber Ysagogarum) [later incorporated into Articella]
Rhazes
often hailed as the greatest clinician of the Islamic world, Al-Mansuri (ten treatises on all aspects of medical practice)
Avicenna
“The Islamic Galen”, 1st physician to write entire philosophy (Qanan) in Arabic - this eventually became the authority on medicine
Maimonides
leading light in Islamic medicine, rabbi, philosopher
bimaristan
“place for sick people” - first true hospital, Islamic hospitals became model for later European hospitals
New Idea and Inventions in Renaissance
politics, art, printing, gunpowder, compass
Desiderius Erasmus
ispired the Aldine Press edition of Galen lead to Galen revival in the Renaissance
Johan Guenther von Andernach
published newly discovered On Anatomical Procedures by Galen, resulted in broad reappraisal of dissection
Jacobus Sylvius
believed deeply in Galen and Hippocrates’ ideas - virulent opponent of his student, Andreas Vesalius
Andre van Wesele (Andres Vesalius)
refuted several of Galen’s anatomic concepts
De Humani Corporis Fabrica
written by Andrea Vesalius - caused a revolution in anatomy, three important concepts: anatomist should perform his own dissection, eye is preferred over reference to authority, anatomy is the key to medicine
Influence of the Fabrica
medicine more about looking inside the body, spurred many to dissect
What did Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus) do that caused him to leave town under fire and abandon his own work?
He burned Avicenna’s Qanun in public
Paracelsus
“Father of Pharmacology” [like cures like (homeopathy)]
Paracelsians
appealed to reformers, iconoclasts, and rebels against Galenic medicine
Ambroise Pare
“The Father of Surgery”, “I dressed the wound but God healed the patient”
Colombo
pulmonary circulation
Cesalpino
heart valve actions, first to use the term circulatio
Frabicius
venous valves
